drive in Copy link Outline 1. fīgo, xi, xum, 32. infīgo, 33. cōgo, cŏēgi, cŏactum, 3 (with in, intro)4. compello, 3 (to d. together, d. to join) • drive in, into or to: 1. fīgo, xi, xum, 3: to d. in nails, clavos f., Hor.: Liv.: see to drive (I., Phr.) 2. infīgo, 3: to d. a spear into the gate, hastam portae inf., Virg. 3. cōgo, cŏēgi, cŏactum, 3 (with in, intro): the force of the wind drove the ship into the port of ..., vis ventorum in portum navem coegit, Cic.: to d. sheep in, oves intro c., Pl. Fig.: to be d.n into a corner, in angustum cogi, Ter. 4. compello, 3 (to d. together, d. to join): they had d.n their flocks together, to the same spot, greges in unum compulerant, Virg.: Hor. See also preced. art.
fall on Copy link Outline I. Lit.1. incĭdo, 3 (v. TO FALL IN)2. accĭdo, 3 (to fall or strike upon3. occĭdo, cĭdi, cāsum, 3 (to f. upon, on the top of)4. induo, ui, ūtum, 3 (with pron. reflect.II. To assail; happen to (of evils)1. incĭdo, 3 (with dat.; or prep. and acc.)2. invādo, vāsi, 3 (stronger than incido, and implying an attack3. ingrŭo, ui, 3 (with violence)4. incurro, 3 (less freq.5. expĕto, īvi, ītum, 3 (rare in this sense)III. To take place (at a definite time)1. incĭdo, 32. cădo, 3 (rare in this sense)IV. To light upon1. incĭdo, 32. dēlābor, psus, 3 (to glide into insensibly)V. To come to (as a portion)1. obvĕnio, vēni, ventum, 4 (with dat. of person)2. cădo, 33. obtingo, tĭgi, 3 (usu. of what is good)VI. To fall to work • fall on, to. upon: I. Lit.: 1. incĭdo, 3 (v. to fall in): Turnus being struck fell to the earth, Turnus ictus ad terram incidit, Virg. a tower fell upon the ranks of the Danaans, turris incidit super agmina Danaum, Virg. 2. accĭdo, 3 (to fall or strike upon: whereas incido often implies penetration): the missiles hurled by the Gauls fell upon them with great force, missa a Gallis tela graviter acciderunt, Caes.: they fell to the earth as thick as pears, tam crebri ad terram accidebant quam pira, Pl.: to f. to the ground, ad humum acc., Varr. 3. occĭdo, cĭdi, cāsum, 3 (to f. upon, on the top of): they fell one upon the other, alii super alios occiderunt, Liv.: stars fall from heaven to earth, signa de coele ad terram oc. (al. acc.), Pl. 4. induo, ui, ūtum, 3 (with pron. reflect.: to fasten oneself upon): they fell upon the spears of the phalanx, (phalangis) hastis se induerunt, Liv.: they fell upon (impaled themselves on) the sharp-pointed stakes, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant, Caes. B. G. 7, 73. Phr.: to f. upon one's sword, in gladium incumbere, Cic. II. To assail; happen to (of evils): 1. incĭdo, 3 (with dat.; or prep. and acc.): to f. upon the hindermost Romans, ultimis Romanis in., Liv. Fig.: no misfortune had fallen upon the state, nihil inciderat civitati mali, Cic. 2. invādo, vāsi, 3 (stronger than incido, and implying an attack: with acc. or dat.): to f. upon the camp, castra in., Liv. Fig.: a severe disease has fallen upon him, eum morbus invasit gravis, Pl.: lest fear should f. upon the rest of his countrymen, ne reliquos populares metus invaderet, Sall.: madness had fallen upon the wicked, furor improbis invaserat, Cic. 3. ingrŭo, ui, 3 (with violence): Aeneas f.s suddenly upon the Italians, ingruit Aeneas Italis, Virg.: the iron shower f.s violently, ferreus ingruit imber, Virg.: diseases begin to f. upon the rowers, in. morbi in remiges coeperunt, Liv. 4. incurro, 3 (less freq.: with prep. and acc.): a misfortune may f. upon a wise man, casus in sapientem potest in., Cic. 5. expĕto, īvi, ītum, 3 (rare in this sense): all the evils of war fell upon him, omnes clades belli in eum expetiverunt, Liv. 1, 22. III. To take place (at a definite time): 1. incĭdo, 3: you will inform me upon what day the mysteries f., facies me in quem diem incidant mysteria, certiorem, Cic.: the date of the Compitalia fell upon the 3rd of the Kalends of Jan., dies Compitaliorum in III. Kal. Jan. inciderunt, Cic.: I fell (hit) upon that day though I might have avoided it, in eam diem, cum potuissem vitare incidi, Cic. 2. cădo, 3 (rare in this sense): take care that your arrival does not f. upon a most inopportune time, considera ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus, Cic. Fam. 15, 14, med. IV. To light upon: 1. incĭdo, 3: as they were carousing along with S. Tarquinius, the conversation fell upon their wives, potantibus his apud S. Tarquinium, incidit de uxoribus mentio, Liv. 2. dēlābor, psus, 3 (to glide into insensibly): I never expected that we should f. into that subject of conversation, insperanti mihi cecidit ut in istum sermonem delaberemini, Cic. de Or. 1, 21, 96. V. To come to (as a portion): 1. obvĕnio, vēni, ventum, 4 (with dat. of person): an inheritance has fallen to him, hereditas ei obvenit, Cic.: Syria fell to Scipio, Syria Scipioni obvenit, Cic.: the fresh war fell to the lot of Aemilius, Aemilio novum bellum sorte obvenit, Liv. 2. cădo, 3: no disadvantage can fairly f. to their share, nihil incommodi ipsis jure c. potest, Cic. 3. obtingo, tĭgi, 3 (usu. of what is good): what has fallen to each, that let each keep, quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat, Cic.: v. to befall. VI. To fall to work: Phr. he once more f.s to work with tablet and stylus, rursus ceris et stilo incumbit, Plin. Ep.: Sil.: all f. vigorously to work, omnes accingunt operi, Virg.: v. TO GIRD (ONE'S SELF).
to Copy link Outline A. In spaceI. Direction towards without motion1. ad (antith. to ab)2. in (with acc. antith. to ex)3. versus (looking towards); looking to the temple of Quirinus, v. aedem Quirini, Liv. 8, 20.4. sometimes adversus (-versus, or -sum)5. ergā (looking towards, rare)6. expr. by adv. of direction, huc, illuc, eo, etc.II. Direction towards with motion (with or without the idea of arrival)1. ad2. in (with acc., to or into). (i.) without the idea of arrival3. versus (as prep., towards)4. adversus (-vorsus, or -sum) (as prep.)5. usque (adv., all the way, with prep., or acc. of motion)6. tĕnus (reaching to, always placed after its case, constr. with gen., or more usu. abl.)7. fīne (or -i, abl. used as adv., rare)8. The question Whither? is answered by advs. of motion, huc, illuc, eo, etc.B. In time1. ad2. in (with acc., till)3. expr. by advs., quoad, quousque, etc.C. In other relationsI. Of numberII. Of conduct, etc., towards1. in (with acc.)2. adversus (-um)3. ergāIII. Generally of relation1. ad2. in (with acc.)IV. Esp. in comparison1. ad2. prae3. after verbs of comparison cum is used or dat. • to: A. In space: I. Direction towards without motion: 1. ad (antith. to ab): (part of Gaul) lies to the north, vergit ad septentriones, Caes. B. G. 1, 1: the part which looked to the strait, pars quae ad fretum spectaret, Cic. Verr. 5, 66, 169: sometimes specto is used with acc. without the prep.: Acarnania lies to the west, Acarnania solem occidentem spectat, Liv. 33, 17. Fig.: he looks to his own glory rather than the safety of the state, ad suam magis gloriam spectat quam ad salutem rei publicae, Cic. Sest. 16, 37: v. to regard. Joined with versus: that part of the Esquiliae which looks to the vicus patricius, ea pars Esquiliarum quae jacet ad vicum patricium v., Fest.: Varr. 2. in (with acc. antith. to ex): the Belgae lie to the north west, Belgae spectant in septentriones et occidentem solem, Caes. B. G. 1, 1. 3. versus (looking towards); looking to the temple of Quirinus, v. aedem Quirini, Liv. 8, 20. 4. sometimes adversus (-versus, or -sum): v. opposite to. 5. ergā (looking towards, rare): Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 52. 6. expr. by adv. of direction, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: looking this way and that, huc atque illuc intuens, Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 184. Fig.: to what do all these words tend? quorsum haec omnis spectat oratio? id. Phil. 7, 9, 26. II. Direction towards with motion (with or without the idea of arrival): 1. ad: (i.) without the idea of arrival: the hills and plains seem flying to the ships, fugere ad puppes colles campique videntur, Lucr. 4, 390: with versus: he bids Labienus direct his march to the ocean, Labienum ad oceanum v. proficisci jubet, Caes. B. G. 6, 33: v. towards. (ii.) with the idea of arrival: since the time I came to Rome, ut veni ad urbem, Cic. Fam. 16, 12, 2: with usque (all the way): he came up to the enemy's camp, u. ad castra hostium accessit, Caes. B. G. 1, 51. Fig.: to be scourged to death, virgis ad necem caedi, Cic. Verr. 3, 29, 70: usque ad necem deverberasse, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 13: he unroofed the temple to the half, aedem ad dimidiam partem detexit, Liv. 42, 3. The whole space traversed is indicated by the words dependent on ab and ad: they sailed from Dianium to Sinope, usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cic. Verr. 1, 34, 87. To my, thy, etc., house: ad me, te, etc.: let us go to my house, eamus ad me, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64: sometimes domum is expr.: domum ad me (al. lect. meos) literas mittam, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10: so with a proper name: crowds thronged to the house of Afranius, magni domum concursus ad Afranium fiebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 53. The repetition of ad to denote motion to a place, and to a person there present, is occasionally found: the soldiers being summoned to the meeting before the tribunes, vocatis militibus ad concilium ad tribunos, Liv. 5, 47: abi ad forum ad herum, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100. Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum, aedem: we had reached Vesta's (temple), ventum erat ad Vestae, Hor. S. 1, 9, 35: ad Opis, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 17. In answer to the question Whither? names of towns and small islands (rarely of large ones), domus in the sense of home, and rus in the sense of to the country, are put in the acc. without a prep.: I am in doubt whether to go to Venusia, dubito an Venusiam tendam, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 3: the poets use this constr. with names of countries and subs. generally: he came to Italy, Italiam venit, Virg. Aen. 1, 2. The poets use both constr. with names of towns: ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, Prop. 3, 21, 1: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas, Ov. H. 2, 83. Ad is sometimes used with the name of a town in prose: I went to Capua, profectus sum ad Capuam, Cic. de Sen. 4, 10. The prep. is also expr. (i.) when there is an antithesis: they sailed from Dianium to Sinope, usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cic. Verr. 1, 34, 87: this rule is however not always observed: they came from Ardea to Rome, ab Ardea Romam venerunt, Liv. 4, 7. (ii.) if urbs, oppidum, etc., is added in apposition: the consul arrived in the town of Cirta, consul pervenit ad Cirtam oppidum, Sall. J. 81. (iii.) when the neighbourhood of a town or part of it is meant: all the Gauls march to (the neighbourhood of) Alesia, omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, Caes. B. G. 7, 76: v. Lat. Gram. § 259. With words compounded with ad, which denote going, bringing, etc., near, instead of repeating the prep., the noun is put in the dat. or acc., though chiefly in the post-Aug. period, and in the poets: to approach the rocks, accedere scopulos, Virg. Aen. 1, 201: v. to approach, accost, etc.: v. the constr. of such verbs as adeo, in Lat.-Eng. Dict. 2. in (with acc., to or into). (i.) without the idea of arrival: with versus: he moves his camp to the district of the Arverni, castra movet in Arvernos v., Caes. B. G. 7, 8, fin.: v. towards. (ii.) with the idea of arrival: I will go to the Piraeus, ibo in Piraeum, Plaut. Bac. 2, 3, 2: to send ambassadors to the Ubii, legatos in Ubios mittere, Caes. B. G. 4, 11. Joined with ad: you fly for refuge to God as to an altar, tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum, Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25: when we had gone to law before the praetor, quum ad praetorem in jus adissemus, id. Verr. 4, 65, 147. For constr. with names of towns, in answer to the question Whither? v. under ad (8): to have gone to Tarquinii, the most flourishing town in Etruria, se contulisse Tarquinios in urbem Etruriae florentissimam, Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34. For constr. of words compounded with in, v. such words as infero in Lat.-Eng. Dict.: to set fire to the temples, templis ignes inferre, Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 22. Fig.: to boil down to one-half, decoquere in dimidiam partem, Col. 12, 24, 1: with usque: u. in quartam partem, id. 12, 12, 3: hence, denoting a change: rivers change to leaves, vortunt se fluvii in frondes, Lucr. 2, 880. 3. versus (as prep., towards): to march to Massilia, Massiliam v. iter facere, Caes. B. C. 3, 36: for constr. as adv. with ad, etc., v. supr. 4. adversus (-vorsus, or -sum) (as prep.): who is this coming to me? quis est haec quae me adversum incedit? Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 18: v. towards, against: for adv. constr. v. supr. 5. usque (adv., all the way, with prep., or acc. of motion): to go from the upper sea to Rome, a mari supero u. Romam proficisci, Cic. Clu. 68, 192: v. under ad, supr. 6. tĕnus (reaching to, always placed after its case, constr. with gen., or more usu. abl.): its dewlap hangs down to its legs, crurum t. laquearia pendent, Virg. G. 3., 53: his kingdom extends to Taurus, Tauro t. regnat, Cic. Deiot. 13, 36: he plunged his sword to the hilt in his side, lateri capulo t. abdidit ensem, Virg. Aen. 2, 553: hac tenus as adv.: to this point, hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta, ib. 6., 62. 7. fīne (or -i, abl. used as adv., rare): projecting from the wall up to the breast., de muro pectoris f. prominentes, Caes. B. G. 7, 47. 8. The question Whither? is answered by advs. of motion, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: they hastened to the point with all speed, huc magno cursu contenderunt, Caes. B. G. 3, 19: with ad: to come to you here, huc ad vos venire, Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15: with in: to this city, huc in urbem, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 100: with gen.: she removed to this neighbourhood, huc viciniae commigravit, id. Andr. 1, 1, 43: to and fro, huc illuc, huc atque illuc, etc.: also, huc et illo, Sen.: huc et huc, Hor. Epod. 4, 9. Fig.: I have brought affairs to this point, rem huc deduxi, Cic. Cat. 2., 2, 4: to this must be added a certain sweetness, huc accedat oportet suavitas quaedam, id. Am. 18, 66: sometimes accedit, etc., is used without the adv.: add to this death, acc. mors, id. Fin. 1., 18., 60: to proceed to such a pitch, huc usque proficisci., Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 20: they came to such extremity of want, eo inopiae venere, Tac. Agr. 28: to this point (thus far) I could write with prudence, hactenus fuit quod caute a me scribi posset, Cic. Att. 11, 4, 2: his wishes had extended to this, hactenus voluerat., Tac. A. 12, 42, fin.: v. so far. B. In time: 1. ad: with or without usque: to that time I was honest and virtuous, ad id frugi usque et probus fui, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 50: Sophocles wrote tragedies to the end of his life, Sophocles ad summam aetatem tragoedias fecit, Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5: (the employment of a past tense shows that the action has ceased, otherwise the present would be used): to this time, ad id, Liv. 3, 22; ad id locorum., id. 9, 45. 2. in (with acc., till): they stood in battle array to a late hour, in multum diei in acie constiterunt, Liv. 27, 2: they learned these things to old age, usque in senectutem didicerunt haec, Quint. 12, 11, 20: to live from day to day (regardless of the future), in diem vivere, Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33: so = daily, Liv. 22, 39. 3. expr. by advs., quoad, quousque, etc.: v. until, etc.: up to this time the outposts were quiet, hactenus quietae stationes fuere, Liv. 7, 26. C. In other relations: I. Of number: ad: (i.) denoting an approximation: men to the number of (i. e. about) 2300 were slain, ad duo milia et trecenti occisi, Liv. 10, 17. (ii.) denoting the limit reached: to the last farthing, ad assem, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27: they all agree to a man (all together), omnes ad unum idem sentiunt, Cic. Am. 23, 86: so, ad unum, Cic.: Caes. (iii.) denoting addition: in addition to the traitors of Falerii and Pyrrhus a third example should be added, ad Faleriorum Pyrrhive proditores tertium exemplum esset, Liv. 24, 45: to crown all, ad omnia, id. 35, 32. II. Of conduct, etc., towards: 1. in (with acc.): dutiful to his parents, pius in parentes, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90: indulgence to our children, in liberos nostros indulgentia, id. de Or. 2, 40, 168: sometimes with abl. (in the case of): such was he to Priam his foe, talis in hoste fuit Priamo, Virg. Aen. 2, 541. 2. adversus (-um): the greater justice to others, summa adversus alios justitia, Liv. 3, 33: pleasing to you, gratum adversum te, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 15. 3. ergā: the divine goodness to mankind, divina bonitas e. homines, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60: unbroken fidelity to the Roman people, perpetua e. populum Romanum fides, Caes. B. G. 5, 54. III. Generally of relation: 1. ad: (i.) of letters, books, etc.: addressed or dedicated to any one: he wrote to me from Egypt, ad me ex Aegypto literas misit, Cic. Lig. 3, 7: (literas dare alicui = to intrust a letter to any one's hands as messenger: v. infr.) M. Tulli Ciceronis ad M. Brutum Orator. (ii.) of adaptation or intention for: a place suitable to land at, locus ad egrediendum idoneus, Caes. B. G. 4, 23: a thing difficult to believe, difficilis res ad credendum, Lucr. 2, 1027: man is born to reason, homo ad intelligendum natus, Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40: an opportunity to act, occasio ad rem gerendam, Liv. 37, 26. (iii.) of a standard, according to: they adapt themselves to their will and pleasure, ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt, Cic. Or. 8, 24. (iv.) concerning, affecting: I found it was nothing to Pamphilus, comperiebam nihil ad Pamphilum quicquam attinere, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 64: as to the provinces, quod ad provincias attinet, Liv. 42, 10: your feelings in regard to the marriage, animus tuus ad nuptias, Ter. Andr. 2, 3, 4. 2. in (with acc.): (i.) of adaptation or intention, aim, etc., for: a Greek verse to this effect, Graecus in eam sententiam versus, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25: what is useful to the purpose, quae in rem sunt, Liv. 26, 44. (ii.) in adverbial expr.: to a greater extent, in majus, Sall. J. 73: changed to barbarism, in barbarum corruptum, Tac. A. 6, 42: v. Lat.-Eng. Dict. in (B., III.). Instead of prep. the idea of to, denoting aim, purpose, etc., is expr. in various ways. (i.) after verbs of giving and the like, by dat.: he gives to him his daughter in marriage, ei filiam in matrimonium dat, Caes. B. G. 1, 3. (ii.) after verbs compounded with ad, by dat. or acc.: his mind was constant to no fortune, nulli fortunae adhaerebat animus, Liv. 41, 20: to speak kindly to the man, hominem blande alloqui, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 22. (iii.) with idea of advantage, etc., by dat.: usui esse, Caes. B. G. 5, 1 (so, ex usu, ib. 1, 50): est utilitati, emolumento, detrimento, etc. (iv.) by subj. in final or consecutive sense: I came to greet you, veni ut te salutarem: they sent men to carry the news, miserunt qui nuntiarent: here is something to see, hic est quod spectetur: worthy to command, dignus qui imperet: v. Lat. Gram., § 449, seqq. (v.) as the sign of inf. by inf.: to love, amare: to err is human, humanum est errare: so, after verbs of beginning, ceasing, desiring, ordering, forbidding, etc.: he ceased to sing, canere desiit: he bade him to approach, accedere jussit (in such cases it is necessary to refer to Lat.-Eng. Dict. to ascertain what verbs take the inf., subj. with ut, etc.): it is time to attempt, tempus est conari, Liv. 6, 18 (constr. also with ut, etc.). (vi.) with gerund, supine, fut. partic., etc.: a desire to contend, certandi cupiditas: he gave me books to read, dedit mihi libros legendos: born to endure sorrow, miseriis natus ferendis: what are we to do? quid faciendum est? I came to greet you, veni te salutatum, or, te salutaturus, or, salutandi causâ: he said that he should vote for his condemnation, dixit sua illum sententia condemnatum iri: nothing is easier to say, nihil est dictu facilius: I am ashamed to say it, pudet dictu. (vii.) by adv., expr., eo, adeo, etc.: I speak to the end that, eo dico ne, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 62 (so, eo consilio, etc.): to that end was I born, eo natus sum, Sall. J. 24: to such an extent did these words fail of effect, adeo haec dicta nihil moverunt quemquam, Liv. 3, 2. (viii.) the idea is contained in a word employed: let him see to that himself, viderit ipse, Cic. Att. 12, 21, 1, fin. IV. Esp. in comparison: 1. ad: Thales was a very trifler to this man in wisdom, ad sapientiam hujus Thales nimius nugator fuit, Plaut. Cap. 2, 2, 25: nothing to Persius, nihil ad Persium, Cic. Or. 2, 6. 2. prae: all perfumes are bilge water to yours, omnium odor unguentum p. tuo nautea est, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 5. 3. after verbs of comparison cum is used or dat.: v. to compare. Similis takes gen. or dat.: other words denoting likeness, equality, etc., usually take dat.: v. like, equal, etc.
TO Copy link • TOOf place, denoting direction or motion toward a point, ad (or in)... versus; also (but regularly only with the names of towns) simply... versus (to denote proximate direction, ἐπί, κατά, εἰς, “toward”): in with an accusative (to denote straight direction or the attainment of a limit, πρός, up to): ad (to specify immediate proximity, παρά or ὑπό, immediately before, or at): e.g., to go to Brundusium, Brundusium versus ire: to come to Rome, ad Romam venire (i. e., to the immediate neighborhood of Rome). The names of towns and villages, as well as the substantive domus, to the question “whither,” are put in the accusative without ad or in; but also with the names of small islands (very rarely of large ones, as Sardinia, Crete, Sicily, Britain) these prepositions may be omitted; e.g., to come to Rome, Romam venire (to the city itself). But the preposition is expressed (1) when there is any antithesis [usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt: not always, however; e.g., ab Ardea Romam venerunt, Liv., 4, 7]: (2) if an appellative, as oppidum, urbs, locus, stands in apposition [ad Cirtam oppidum, Sall., Jug., 81]: (3) when only the neighborhood of a town, or a part of it, is meant: omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur (Caes., B.G., 7, 76; Krüger, 387). With domus the preposition is used when it means not “home,” “hottse,” as residence, but as “building” or = “family;” and with rus = “particular estate.” To return home, domum redire: to march to Cyprus, Cyprum tendere. To denote the limit at which motion ceases or ought to cease, ad, usque ad (of approximation to a certain point: ☞ ad usque is not classical): in, usque in (of the general direction, as far as the neighborhood of, etc.): tenus (after its substantive; denoting the definite limit or point of termination). This is expressed also by fine (likewise after its substantive; as, to the breast, pectoris fine; Vid: Herzog, Caes., B.G., 7, 47). The preposition is very frequently omitted in Latin, as having been already expressed in the verb; e.g., to go up to anyone, aliquem aggredi. With the names of towns, “as far as to” is expressed by usque without a preposition, unless only the neighborhood of the town or proximity to it is to be denoted; e.g., usque Romam proficisci (whereas usque ad Romam would be, as far as to the neighborhood of Rome). To the skin, ad cutem: to the half, to the third, in dimidiam partem, ad tertias (sc. partes; e.g., aquam decoquere): the water in one place came up to the middle, at another, scarcely to the knees, alibi umbilico tenus aqua erat, alibi genua vix superavit: to the other side of the Alps, trans Alpes usque: to that point, eo usque: to that place, usque isthinc: to this point, hucusque (as far as to this place; post-Augustan): hactenus (so far, up to a definite point, and no further, especially in a speech; e.g., Nep., Att., 19, 1). In comparison of, ad (in relation to): prae (in comparison of, etc.). To us he is fortunate, prae nobis beatus est: to esteem others as nothing to one’s self, prae se alios pro nihilo ducere: Decimus is nothing to Persius, Decimus nihil ad Persium: the earth is to the whole heaven but a point, terra ad uuiversi caeli complexum quasi puncti instar obtinet. Sometimes the by circumlocution si comparaveris cum, etc., may be used; e.g., to him I am a child, si me cum illo comparaveris, infans sum. As a sign of the infinitive, “to” is usually expressed by the form of the Latin verb or construction of the sentence; e.g., canere, dicere desiit, or canendi, dicendi finem fecit, he ceased to, etc.; me rogavit ne hoc facerem, he begged me not to do this. To denote design or intention; e.g., huc veni te salutatum, te salutaturus, ut te salutarem, ad te salutandum, tui salutandi causa: dedit mihi libros legendos: non vivimus ut edamus, sed edimus ut vivamus (Sen.). To denote possibility; e.g., hic est quod spectetur. hac ex re nullus percipi potest fructus: eo loco semper eum invenire, videre, potes. To denote necessity or right; e.g., quid in hac re faciendum est? binae tibi scribendae sunt litterae: multa tibi debeo: ☞ “To,” as a sign of the infinitive after substantives, is often rendered in Latin by the gerund in di; e.g., mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi (Cic., N.D. 2, 67, 108, an evil and impious custom to dispute): nemo potest non maxime laudare consilium tuum, quod cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi etiam cupiditatem (desire to contend, Cic.): legendi semper occasio est, audiendi non semper (Plin., Ep., 2, 3, 9, opportunity to read; to hear). ☞ Tempus est is followed either by the gerund or by the infinitive. ☞ After adjectives and adverbs, when the object is defined by a verb, especially after such as denote “possibility, facility, difficulty, necessity, duty, inclination,” or the like, we find in Latin the gerund or supine; e.g., nihil est dictu facilius: facile est intellectu or ad intelligendum: facile est ad credendum: studiosus audiendi, discendi: cupidus bellandi. Denoting a purpose or destination, ad, or a dative; e.g., aquam ad bibendum, ad lavandum petere: sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam spatii postulant: miseriis ferundis natum esse: ad metalla condemnare aliquem. Denoting a final cause or end, often by a dative, or by in, per; e.g., est mihi aliquid gloriae: honori, utilitati, emolumento esse: hoc mihi est detrimento. Also by e, ex: e re mea: e republica. To that end, ad eum finem (Tac.); eo consilio, hac mente (Cic.). Denoting change of property or quality, usually by in; e.g., in pulverem, in lapidem, in aquam mutari, verti. To come to nought, ad irritum cadere, revolvi: to turn to money, vendere aliquid. In addressing a letter, fasciculus qui est Des M’Curio inscriptus (Cic., Att., 8, 5; to M. Curius). Aft er words denoting likeness or unlikeness, a simple dative (after similis, also a genitive); e.g., alicui similem esse.