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A. In space:

I. Direction towards without motion:

1. ad (antith. to ab): (part of Gaul) lies to the north, vergit ad septentriones, Caes. B. G. 1, 1: the part which looked to the strait, pars quae ad fretum spectaret, Cic. Verr. 5, 66, 169: sometimes specto is used with acc. without the prep.: Acarnania lies to the west, Acarnania solem occidentem spectat, Liv. 33, 17. Fig.: he looks to his own glory rather than the safety of the state, ad suam magis gloriam spectat quam ad salutem rei publicae, Cic. Sest. 16, 37: v. to regard. Joined with versus: that part of the Esquiliae which looks to the vicus patricius, ea pars Esquiliarum quae jacet ad vicum patricium v., Fest.: Varr.
2. in (with acc. antith. to ex): the Belgae lie to the north west, Belgae spectant in septentriones et occidentem solem, Caes. B. G. 1, 1.
3. versus (looking towards); looking to the temple of Quirinus, v. aedem Quirini, Liv. 8, 20.
4. sometimes adversus (-versus, or -sum): v. opposite to.
5. ergā (looking towards, rare): Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 52.
6. expr. by adv. of direction, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: looking this way and that, huc atque illuc intuens, Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 184. Fig.: to what do all these words tend? quorsum haec omnis spectat oratio? id. Phil. 7, 9, 26.

II. Direction towards with motion (with or without the idea of arrival):

1. ad: (i.) without the idea of arrival: the hills and plains seem flying to the ships, fugere ad puppes colles campique videntur, Lucr. 4, 390: with versus: he bids Labienus direct his march to the ocean, Labienum ad oceanum v. proficisci jubet, Caes. B. G. 6, 33: v. towards. (ii.) with the idea of arrival: since the time I came to Rome, ut veni ad urbem, Cic. Fam. 16, 12, 2: with usque (all the way): he came up to the enemy's camp, u. ad castra hostium accessit, Caes. B. G. 1, 51. Fig.: to be scourged to death, virgis ad necem caedi, Cic. Verr. 3, 29, 70: usque ad necem deverberasse, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 13: he unroofed the temple to the half, aedem ad dimidiam partem detexit, Liv. 42, 3. The whole space traversed is indicated by the words dependent on ab and ad: they sailed from Dianium to Sinope, usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cic. Verr. 1, 34, 87. To my, thy, etc., house: ad me, te, etc.: let us go to my house, eamus ad me, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64: sometimes domum is expr.: domum ad me (al. lect. meos) literas mittam, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10: so with a proper name: crowds thronged to the house of Afranius, magni domum concursus ad Afranium fiebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 53. The repetition of ad to denote motion to a place, and to a person there present, is occasionally found: the soldiers being summoned to the meeting before the tribunes, vocatis militibus ad concilium ad tribunos, Liv. 5, 47: abi ad forum ad herum, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100. Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum, aedem: we had reached Vesta's (temple), ventum erat ad Vestae, Hor. S. 1, 9, 35: ad Opis, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 17. In answer to the question Whither? names of towns and small islands (rarely of large ones), domus in the sense of home, and rus in the sense of to the country, are put in the acc. without a prep.: I am in doubt whether to go to Venusia, dubito an Venusiam tendam, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 3: the poets use this constr. with names of countries and subs. generally: he came to Italy, Italiam venit, Virg. Aen. 1, 2. The poets use both constr. with names of towns: ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, Prop. 3, 21, 1: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas, Ov. H. 2, 83. Ad is sometimes used with the name of a town in prose: I went to Capua, profectus sum ad Capuam, Cic. de Sen. 4, 10. The prep. is also expr. (i.) when there is an antithesis: they sailed from Dianium to Sinope, usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cic. Verr. 1, 34, 87: this rule is however not always observed: they came from Ardea to Rome, ab Ardea Romam venerunt, Liv. 4, 7. (ii.) if urbs, oppidum, etc., is added in apposition: the consul arrived in the town of Cirta, consul pervenit ad Cirtam oppidum, Sall. J. 81. (iii.) when the neighbourhood of a town or part of it is meant: all the Gauls march to (the neighbourhood of) Alesia, omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, Caes. B. G. 7, 76: v. Lat. Gram. § 259. With words compounded with ad, which denote going, bringing, etc., near, instead of repeating the prep., the noun is put in the dat. or acc., though chiefly in the post-Aug. period, and in the poets: to approach the rocks, accedere scopulos, Virg. Aen. 1, 201: v. to approach, accost, etc.: v. the constr. of such verbs as adeo, in Lat.-Eng. Dict.
2. in (with acc., to or into). (i.) without the idea of arrival: with versus: he moves his camp to the district of the Arverni, castra movet in Arvernos v., Caes. B. G. 7, 8, fin.: v. towards. (ii.) with the idea of arrival: I will go to the Piraeus, ibo in Piraeum, Plaut. Bac. 2, 3, 2: to send ambassadors to the Ubii, legatos in Ubios mittere, Caes. B. G. 4, 11. Joined with ad: you fly for refuge to God as to an altar, tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum, Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25: when we had gone to law before the praetor, quum ad praetorem in jus adissemus, id. Verr. 4, 65, 147. For constr. with names of towns, in answer to the question Whither? v. under ad (8): to have gone to Tarquinii, the most flourishing town in Etruria, se contulisse Tarquinios in urbem Etruriae florentissimam, Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34. For constr. of words compounded with in, v. such words as infero in Lat.-Eng. Dict.: to set fire to the temples, templis ignes inferre, Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 22. Fig.: to boil down to one-half, decoquere in dimidiam partem, Col. 12, 24, 1: with usque: u. in quartam partem, id. 12, 12, 3: hence, denoting a change: rivers change to leaves, vortunt se fluvii in frondes, Lucr. 2, 880.
3. versus (as prep., towards): to march to Massilia, Massiliam v. iter facere, Caes. B. C. 3, 36: for constr. as adv. with ad, etc., v. supr.
4. adversus (-vorsus, or -sum) (as prep.): who is this coming to me? quis est haec quae me adversum incedit? Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 18: v. towards, against: for adv. constr. v. supr.
5. usque (adv., all the way, with prep., or acc. of motion): to go from the upper sea to Rome, a mari supero u. Romam proficisci, Cic. Clu. 68, 192: v. under ad, supr.
6. tĕnus (reaching to, always placed after its case, constr. with gen., or more usu. abl.): its dewlap hangs down to its legs, crurum t. laquearia pendent, Virg. G. 3., 53: his kingdom extends to Taurus, Tauro t. regnat, Cic. Deiot. 13, 36: he plunged his sword to the hilt in his side, lateri capulo t. abdidit ensem, Virg. Aen. 2, 553: hac tenus as adv.: to this point, hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta, ib. 6., 62.
7. fīne (or -i, abl. used as adv., rare): projecting from the wall up to the breast., de muro pectoris f. prominentes, Caes. B. G. 7, 47.
8. The question Whither? is answered by advs. of motion, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: they hastened to the point with all speed, huc magno cursu contenderunt, Caes. B. G. 3, 19: with ad: to come to you here, huc ad vos venire, Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15: with in: to this city, huc in urbem, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 100: with gen.: she removed to this neighbourhood, huc viciniae commigravit, id. Andr. 1, 1, 43: to and fro, huc illuc, huc atque illuc, etc.: also, huc et illo, Sen.: huc et huc, Hor. Epod. 4, 9. Fig.: I have brought affairs to this point, rem huc deduxi, Cic. Cat. 2., 2, 4: to this must be added a certain sweetness, huc accedat oportet suavitas quaedam, id. Am. 18, 66: sometimes accedit, etc., is used without the adv.: add to this death, acc. mors, id. Fin. 1., 18., 60: to proceed to such a pitch, huc usque proficisci., Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 20: they came to such extremity of want, eo inopiae venere, Tac. Agr. 28: to this point (thus far) I could write with prudence, hactenus fuit quod caute a me scribi posset, Cic. Att. 11, 4, 2: his wishes had extended to this, hactenus voluerat., Tac. A. 12, 42, fin.: v. so far.

B. In time:

1. ad: with or without usque: to that time I was honest and virtuous, ad id frugi usque et probus fui, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 50: Sophocles wrote tragedies to the end of his life, Sophocles ad summam aetatem tragoedias fecit, Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5: (the employment of a past tense shows that the action has ceased, otherwise the present would be used): to this time, ad id, Liv. 3, 22; ad id locorum., id. 9, 45.
2. in (with acc., till): they stood in battle array to a late hour, in multum diei in acie constiterunt, Liv. 27, 2: they learned these things to old age, usque in senectutem didicerunt haec, Quint. 12, 11, 20: to live from day to day (regardless of the future), in diem vivere, Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33: so = daily, Liv. 22, 39.
3. expr. by advs., quoad, quousque, etc.: v. until, etc.: up to this time the outposts were quiet, hactenus quietae stationes fuere, Liv. 7, 26.

C. In other relations:

I. Of number: ad: (i.) denoting an approximation: men to the number of (i. e. about) 2300 were slain, ad duo milia et trecenti occisi, Liv. 10, 17. (ii.) denoting the limit reached: to the last farthing, ad assem, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27: they all agree to a man (all together), omnes ad unum idem sentiunt, Cic. Am. 23, 86: so, ad unum, Cic.: Caes. (iii.) denoting addition: in addition to the traitors of Falerii and Pyrrhus a third example should be added, ad Faleriorum Pyrrhive proditores tertium exemplum esset, Liv. 24, 45: to crown all, ad omnia, id. 35, 32.
II. Of conduct, etc., towards:

1. in (with acc.): dutiful to his parents, pius in parentes, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90: indulgence to our children, in liberos nostros indulgentia, id. de Or. 2, 40, 168: sometimes with abl. (in the case of): such was he to Priam his foe, talis in hoste fuit Priamo, Virg. Aen. 2, 541.
2. adversus (-um): the greater justice to others, summa adversus alios justitia, Liv. 3, 33: pleasing to you, gratum adversum te, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 15.
3. ergā: the divine goodness to mankind, divina bonitas e. homines, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60: unbroken fidelity to the Roman people, perpetua e. populum Romanum fides, Caes. B. G. 5, 54.

III. Generally of relation:

1. ad: (i.) of letters, books, etc.: addressed or dedicated to any one: he wrote to me from Egypt, ad me ex Aegypto literas misit, Cic. Lig. 3, 7: (literas dare alicui = to intrust a letter to any one's hands as messenger: v. infr.) M. Tulli Ciceronis ad M. Brutum Orator. (ii.) of adaptation or intention for: a place suitable to land at, locus ad egrediendum idoneus, Caes. B. G. 4, 23: a thing difficult to believe, difficilis res ad credendum, Lucr. 2, 1027: man is born to reason, homo ad intelligendum natus, Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40: an opportunity to act, occasio ad rem gerendam, Liv. 37, 26. (iii.) of a standard, according to: they adapt themselves to their will and pleasure, ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt, Cic. Or. 8, 24. (iv.) concerning, affecting: I found it was nothing to Pamphilus, comperiebam nihil ad Pamphilum quicquam attinere, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 64: as to the provinces, quod ad provincias attinet, Liv. 42, 10: your feelings in regard to the marriage, animus tuus ad nuptias, Ter. Andr. 2, 3, 4.
2. in (with acc.): (i.) of adaptation or intention, aim, etc., for: a Greek verse to this effect, Graecus in eam sententiam versus, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25: what is useful to the purpose, quae in rem sunt, Liv. 26, 44. (ii.) in adverbial expr.: to a greater extent, in majus, Sall. J. 73: changed to barbarism, in barbarum corruptum, Tac. A. 6, 42: v. Lat.-Eng. Dict. in (B., III.). Instead of prep. the idea of to, denoting aim, purpose, etc., is expr. in various ways. (i.) after verbs of giving and the like, by dat.: he gives to him his daughter in marriage, ei filiam in matrimonium dat, Caes. B. G. 1, 3. (ii.) after verbs compounded with ad, by dat. or acc.: his mind was constant to no fortune, nulli fortunae adhaerebat animus, Liv. 41, 20: to speak kindly to the man, hominem blande alloqui, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 22. (iii.) with idea of advantage, etc., by dat.: usui esse, Caes. B. G. 5, 1 (so, ex usu, ib. 1, 50): est utilitati, emolumento, detrimento, etc. (iv.) by subj. in final or consecutive sense: I came to greet you, veni ut te salutarem: they sent men to carry the news, miserunt qui nuntiarent: here is something to see, hic est quod spectetur: worthy to command, dignus qui imperet: v. Lat. Gram., § 449, seqq. (v.) as the sign of inf. by inf.: to love, amare: to err is human, humanum est errare: so, after verbs of beginning, ceasing, desiring, ordering, forbidding, etc.: he ceased to sing, canere desiit: he bade him to approach, accedere jussit (in such cases it is necessary to refer to Lat.-Eng. Dict. to ascertain what verbs take the inf., subj. with ut, etc.): it is time to attempt, tempus est conari, Liv. 6, 18 (constr. also with ut, etc.). (vi.) with gerund, supine, fut. partic., etc.: a desire to contend, certandi cupiditas: he gave me books to read, dedit mihi libros legendos: born to endure sorrow, miseriis natus ferendis: what are we to do? quid faciendum est? I came to greet you, veni te salutatum, or, te salutaturus, or, salutandi causâ: he said that he should vote for his condemnation, dixit sua illum sententia condemnatum iri: nothing is easier to say, nihil est dictu facilius: I am ashamed to say it, pudet dictu. (vii.) by adv., expr., eo, adeo, etc.: I speak to the end that, eo dico ne, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 62 (so, eo consilio, etc.): to that end was I born, eo natus sum, Sall. J. 24: to such an extent did these words fail of effect, adeo haec dicta nihil moverunt quemquam, Liv. 3, 2. (viii.) the idea is contained in a word employed: let him see to that himself, viderit ipse, Cic. Att. 12, 21, 1, fin.

IV. Esp. in comparison:

1. ad: Thales was a very trifler to this man in wisdom, ad sapientiam hujus Thales nimius nugator fuit, Plaut. Cap. 2, 2, 25: nothing to Persius, nihil ad Persium, Cic. Or. 2, 6.
2. prae: all perfumes are bilge water to yours, omnium odor unguentum p. tuo nautea est, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 5.
3. after verbs of comparison cum is used or dat.: v. to compare. Similis takes gen. or dat.: other words denoting likeness, equality, etc., usually take dat.: v. like, equal, etc.

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