until (conj.) Copy link Outline 1. dum2. dōnĕc (rare in Cic.3. quŏăd4. quŏădusque5. usque dum6. adeo usque dum; Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 10. The idea of the continuance of action up to the specified limit is enforced by adding to the principal clause usque ad eum finem before dum, cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 51, fin. • until (conj.): 1. dum: with indic. if mere succession in time is indicated: e. g. that bargain remained in force u. the judges were rejected, ea redemptio mansit dum judices rejecti sunt, Cic. Verr. Act. 1, 6, 16: u. I return, dum redeo, Virg. Ecl. 9, 23: with subj. when there is an idea of purpose: e. g. let them put it off to another time, u. their anger has subsided, differant in aliud tempus dum defervescat ira, id. Tusc. 4, 36, 78: Caesar, however, always uses the subj. 2. dōnĕc (rare in Cic.: not in Caes. or Sall.): same construction as dum: Livy, however, and Tacitus occasionally use the subj. when speaking of facts. 3. quŏăd: with ind. or subj. according as it refers to actual fact or not: cf. (with subj.) Caes. B. G. 5, 24: Cic. Fam. 4, 3: (with indic.) u. the citadel was given up, quoad dedita arx est, Liv. 26, 46: usque eo- q., Cic. Deiot. 4, 11. 4. quŏădusque: with indic., Suet. Caes. 14. 5. usque dum: Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 12: Plaut. 6. adeo usque dum; Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 10. The idea of the continuance of action up to the specified limit is enforced by adding to the principal clause usque ad eum finem before dum, cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 51, fin.: usque eo, usque adeo before quoad: Cic.; before donec: Plaut.: u. now, usque adhuc, Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 21: u. what time? quousque? v. HOW LONG. For construction, v. L. G. §§ 496-499.
until (prep.) Copy link Outline 1. ăd (with or without usque)2. ĭn • until (prep.): 1. ăd (with or without usque): u. his return, ad reditum suum, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 82: from about ten o'clock u. sunset, ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum, Caes. B. G. 3, 15: u. late at night, ad multam noctem, ib. 1, 26: from morning u. evening, a mane usque ad vesperam, Suet. Cal. 18: u. dawn, ad lucem, Liv. 3, 28. 2. ĭn: he will sleep u. broad day, dormiet in lucem, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 34: he spoke u. night, dixit in noctem, Plin. Ep. 4, 9. Esp. to put off u., differre in ...: e. g. to put off u. to-morrow, in crastinum d., Cic. de Or. 2, 90, fin.: v. put (off).
UNTIL Copy link • UNTIL 1. conj., dum: donec (in this sense very rare in Cic.; not found in Caes., Freund): quoad (with reference to the mood, the subjunctive is used when there is any closer connection between the principal and accessory clauses than that of defining the time; i. e., when the event up to which anything lasted, or before which it did not occur, or did not cease, was an object aimed at, desired, conceived possible, or pointed out generally as an indefinite future event. Hand says the subjunctive is used when the force might be given by “no longer than till,” non diutius quam, or “not before,” non prius quam. The subjunctive is most commonly used in present, imperfect, or pluperfect; the indicative in the perfect or future perfect; ☞ Pract. Intr., ii., 641-645, 656, 657, 667. The continuance is more strongly marked out by adding usque eo, or eo usque, in the principal clause; sometimes usque ad eum finem [dum, Cic.]). 2. preposition, (of time): until the present moment, adhuc: usque ad hunc diem (until this day): until to-morrow, in crastinum: until late at night, ad multam noctem: until daylight, ad lucem: until the evening, ad vesperum.