without (prep.) Copy link Outline I. By Latin prepositions1. extra, with acc. (on the outside of)2. sĭne, with abl. (denotes want or absence, whether of good or evil)3. absque, with abl. (in comedy and late prose)II. By Latin negativesIII. By Latin adjectives or verbs expressing deprivationIV. In phrases where without represents except, unless, praeter, nisi, quin, extra quam, extra quam si, ut non, may be used • without (prep.): I. By Latin prepositions: 1. extra, with acc. (on the outside of): faults are committed within and w. the walls of Ilion, Iliacos intra muros peccatur et extra, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 16: rather w. (free from) vices than with virtues, magis extra vitia quam cum virtutibus, Tac. H. 1, 49. 2. sĭne, with abl. (denotes want or absence, whether of good or evil): w. wings, sine pennis, Pl. Asin. 1, 1, 180: not w. great hope, non sine magna spe, Caes. B. G. 1, 44: w. trouble, sine molestia, Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 6: w. doubt, sine dubio, Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58. 3. absque, with abl. (in comedy and late prose): a whole day w. sun, absque sole perpetuus dies, Pl. Most. 3, 2, 78. II. By Latin negatives: he hears without being prayed to, non vocatus audit, Hor. Od. 2, 18, 40: w. any certain order, nullo certo ordine, Caes. B. G. 2, 11: no one can be condemned w. his cause being heard, incognita causa nemo condemnari potest, Cic. Verr. 1, 9, 25: the negative may also be included in the Latin compound adj. or adv.: a man w. wisdom, vir imprudens: he acted w. wisdom, fecit imprudenter. III. By Latin adjectives or verbs expressing deprivation: that he might not be w. a share, ne expers partis esset, Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 39: the mind w. the body, mens vacans corpore, Cic. N. D. 1, 10, 25: to be w. blame, carere culpa, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 41. IV. In phrases where without represents except, unless, praeter, nisi, quin, extra quam, extra quam si, ut non, may be used: it would be lawful for them to lay down arms w. they had been condemned of a capital charge, liceret ab armis discedere praeter rerum capitalium damnatis, Sall. C. 36: he swore that he would not return w. he were victorious, juravit se nisi victorem non reversurum, Caes. B. C. 3, 87: so that I could in no way enter without their seeing me, ut nullo modo introire possum quin me viderent, Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 2: w. they are unwilling to perish by hunger, extra quam si nolint fame perire, Cic. Inv. 2, 57, 172: he will prefer being thought a good man w. being so, to being one w. being thought so, malet existimari bonus vir ut non sit quam esse ut non putetur, id. Fin. 2, 22, 71.
without (adv.) Copy link Outline 1. extra2. extrinsĕcus (often from w.)3. extĕrius (strictly, more on the outside, in comparison with things that are more within)4. fŏris (out of doors, opp. to domi) • without (adv.): 1. extra: both within the body and w. there are certain goods, et in corpore et extra esse quaedam bona, Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68: a nut has nothing hard w. (on the outside), nil extra est in nuce duri, Hor. Ep. 2, 1. 31. 2. extrinsĕcus (often from w.): if they trembled at the appearance from w. of some formidable object, si tremerent objecta terribili re extrinsecus, Cic. Acad. 2, 15, 48: he has encompassed the soul with a body and clothed it w., animum circumdedit corpore et vestivit extrinsecus, id. Tim. 6. 3. extĕrius (strictly, more on the outside, in comparison with things that are more within): cities lying w., urbes exterius sitae, Ov. M. 6, 420. 4. fŏris (out of doors, opp. to domi): left within, waited for w., relictus intus, exspectatus foris, Cic. Sall. 5, 17: some fruits have the soft substance within, the wood w., as nuts; others the soft substance w., the wood within, as plums, aliorum intus corpus et foris lignum, ut nucum; aliis foris corpus, intus lignum ut prunis, Plin. 15, 28, 34. Phr.: either by home resources or succours from w., vel domesticis opibus vel externis auxiliis, Caes. B. C. 2, 5: v. outward, foreign.
WITHOUT Copy link • WITHOUT 1. preposition, Denoting want or absence, sine. (☞ Avoid absque in prose; it is found only in the comedians, and in writers after the best age; the few passages of Cic. from which it has been cited are doubtful; nor was it used as exactly equivalent to sine until the later period of the language. ☞ Avoid, also, citra; Vid: Zumpt, §306; Ramsh., § 150, 3). Without hope, sine spe: without delay, sine mora: without doubt, sine dubio: without distinction, sine discrimine: without any, etc., sine ullo, etc. (☞ Avoid omnis in this connection; e.g., do not say sine omni dubitatione for sine ulla dubitatione.) “Without” may often be expressed by the use of nullus; e.g., nullo labore; nulla molestia; nullo delectu; nulla elegantia; nullo ordine: also by various (negative) adjectives, adverbs, and verbs; e.g., imprudens, imprudenter; incautus, incaute; impudens, impudenter, etc.: without intermission, continenter (Caes..): without learning or refinement, expers eruditionis, humanitatis: without care, vacans ab omni molestia; vacans curis. To be without feeling, sensu carere: without friends, help, inops ab amicis; inops auxilii. Denoting exclusion, sine; praeter (except; Vid: also, EXCEPT): I know that without your telling me, hoc, a te non monitus, non edoctus, scio: he does nothing without his friend, nihil agit, molitur, priusquam amicum consulerit. On the outside of, extra. Without, before the participial substantive: (1) by non with, a participle, or a negative adjective with prefix in-; e.g., fecit aliquid non rogatus (without being asked): imprudens (without knowing it). If the sentence is negative, nisi must be used; e.g., Caes., exercitum numquam per insidiosa loca duxit nisi speculatus locorum situs (without having the ground previously examined by scouts): (2) by participle ablative absolute, with non, nullus, nemo: he went away, epistolā non lectā (without reading the letter): nullā praestitutā die (without fixing any day): (3) by neque and a verb: many persons praise poets without understanding them, multi poetas laudant, neque in telligunt: (4) by ut, with subjunctive: numquam laudavit, ut non adjiceret, etc. (without adding): in an affirmative sentence, ita must be inserted; I enjoy anything withoutperceiving, etc., aliqua re ita potior, ut non animadvertam, etc.: (5) quin with subjunctive (after negative sentence): numquam adspexit, quin fratricidam compellaret: (6) “I do anything (indeed), but not without...” is aliquid ita facio, ut, etc.; e.g., aliqua re ita potior, ut animadvertam (I enjoy anything, but not without perceiving, etc.). 2. adverb, Denoting want or absence: by quin; e.g., nullum praetermisi diem quin ad te litteras darem (Cic.); numquam illos aspicio quin hujus meritum in me recordor (Cic.): or by a participle with non; e.g., quod verum est, dicam, non reverens assentandi suspicionem (Cic.); nihil feci non diu consideratum (Cic.): or by an ablative absolute with a negative; e.g., verborum sonitus, nulla subjects, sententia (Cic.); nihil potest evenire nisi causa antecedente: or by nec (Auctor ad Hor., 4, 2, 39; Cic., Div., 2, 17, 40); ut non (Cic., Fin., 2, 22, 71); or qui non (Cic., Manil., 11, 31). Denoting exception; by praeter. Or the outside, extra. From without, foris (opposed to domi); extrinsecus (from the outside inward; opposed to intrinsecus). Not within, outside, extra; exterius (on the outer side); foras; foris (out of doors): from without, extrinsecus. To pitch within and without, (vasa) intrinsecus et exterius picare (Col., 12, 43, 7): ideas come into our minds from without, irrumpunt extrinsecus in animos nostros imagines (Cic., Acad., 2, 40, 125). “From without” with substantives may be expressed by the adjective, externus; e.g., aid from without, auxilia externa (opposed to domesticae opes, Caes., B.C., 2, 4).