conjunctive, (A) Serving to connect an idea with the chief proposition. This idea is either (I) The simple subject of the predicate connected with the copula in the chief proposition, or of the verb which occupies its place. Then (1) if this idea be general, and not compounded, the simple infinitive, or another noun, is used; e.g., it is a chief duty that one assist him who is most in need of our help, (hoc) maxime officii est, ut quisque maxime opis indigeat, ita eum potissimum opitulari. Nothing is more pleasant than that one be loved by all, nihil suavius est, quam ab omnibus diligi or quam amor omnium. (2) If the idea be limited to a single person, the accusative and infinitive is used. To this belong especially the impersonal expressions, “it is pleasant, delightful, sad,” etc.; “it is probable, clear, evident, true, profitable, just, necessary, lawful” (licet, after which the person with the infinitive is used in the accusative, if the permission be taken as general, but in the dative, if it refer only to a single person); Vid: Krebs, § 437. (☞ Several of these modes of expression take, also, quod and ut after them in certain cases; Vid: below, Nos. IV and V). Examples: I am delighted that you are well, gratum est te valere: it grieves me that we have been almost too late in learning, dolet mihi, nos paene sero scisse, etc.: it is true (proved) that friendship can exist only between the good, verum est (constat), amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse: it is not permitted that a man often be what he wishes, non licet hominem esse saepe ita ut vult. This idea may also be expressed by another noun with the pronoun possessive; as, it is pleasant (delightful) that you are restored, grata est confirmata tua valetudo. (3) If it be a compound idea, either the infinitive with an adverb, or another noun with an adjective or participle, is used; e.g., nothing is more to be desired than that one may live happily, nihil magis optandum quam beate vivere or quam vita beata: nothing was so prejudicial to the Lacedaemonians as that the constitution of Lycurgus was taken away, Lacedaemoniis nulla res tanto erat damno, quam disciplina Lycurgi sublata. Or the idea is (II) The simple object of the verb in the chief clause. Then we find either the noun in the accusative, with or without the pronoun possessive, or another noun in the genitive, or the accusative and infinitive. To this belong (a) All the verba sensuum et affectuum; i. e., which express perception and feeling, knowing, recognizing, remembering, expecting, believing, etc.; Vid: Grotef., § 240: Zumpt, § 602, sqq. Hence, also, after fac when = finge, i. e., imagine, picture to yourself; e.g., imagine that you were in my place, fac, qui ego sum, esse te; eum te esse finge, qui ego sum. ☞ After the verbs “to hope, swear, promise, vow, threaten,” the accusative and future infinitive are used, and after “to hope,” also, the present infinitive, if in the next proposition the subject be only of the present, and the perfect infinitive, if the subject be of the past; Vid: Krebs, § 442: Grotef., § 220. Zumpt, § 605, 2. (b) The verba declarandi; i. e., the verbs of “saying, narrating, showing, reminding, convincinu, teaching, proving,” (efficere, etc.); Vid: Grotef. and Zumpt, locc. cilt. (c) Nearly allied with all these are the ideas “to settle, fix, will, forbid, impose, grant,” (that a thing is so, etc.), which (if the object of the verb is named, simply as such, but not as a wish or end in view, for in this case ut follows; Vid: below, V) take after them an accusative and infinitive; Vid: Zumpt, §614, sq. ☞ (a) The phrases “they say, it is said” (dicunt, tradunt, ferunt, produnt, perhibent), admit a change into the passive form, when the accusative becomes the nominative; e.g., they say that Romulus was the first king of Rome, dicunt Romulum primum regem Romanorum fuisse, or Romulus primus rex Romanorum fuisse dicitur: they say that you were present, dicunt vos adfuisse, or vos dicebamini adfuisse; Vid: Grotef. § 173, 3: Zumpt, § 607. (b) After non dubito, “I doubt not,” Cic. always uses quin; it is only in the sense of “I do not hesitate” that a simple infinitive follows; Vid: Grotef., § 238, b. 3 and 240, obs.; Zumpt, § 540. Or, (III) The idea is a local or other definite addition to the chief clause, which may be resolved into a noun in the ablative with a preposition. Then the infinitive is changed into the gerund or the participle future passive e.g., the tribunes prevailed by this, that they threatened, etc., tribuni pervicere denunciando, etc.: men learn to do evil by this, that they do nothing, nihil agendo homines male agere discunt: justice consists in this, that we render to every one his own, justitia in suum cuique tribuendo cernitur. Or it is, (IV) Description or by circumlocution (1) of the subject, where “that” may be exchanged with “who, which,” etc. It is then to be rendered by quod. To this belong especially the expressions,” there is reason, there is no reason,” est (habeo), non est, nihil est (after which, however, we may also employ cur in Latin, as “why” in English); Vid: Krüger, § 615, note 6 (on the difference of the construction of quod with the subjunctive and indicative); Zumpt, §562: also, the expressions, “it is pleasant, delightful to me, it pains me,” etc. Examples: There is no reason that you should fear, that you should envy, nihil est quod (i. e., illud, quod) timeas, quod invideas illis: it pains me that you are angry, dolet mihi quod stomacharis. To this, also, we may refer the expression, “add to this,” eo or ut accedit; after which quod is used, if a new reason is brought forward, ut when a concomitant circumstance is added, to be for the first time brought under consideration; Vid: Krebs, 6 428, 2, and 434; Herzog, Caes., B.G., 3, 13. (2) Of the object, where “that” in English may be exchanged with “since” or “because.” Likewise by quod. This case can occur only after verbs which, being originally transitive, have become intransitive by use. To this belong especially verbs of the affections and their expression; as, to be glad (gaudere), to be sad (dolere), to wonder (mirari), etc.; after which quod (ὄτι) is used when a definite fact is mentioned, but si (εἰ) if the thing appears as a mere conjecture or representation. Again, the verbs “to thank, to congratulate, to praise, to accuse;” in all which cases we can ask the question “for what? on what account?” Vid: Grotef., § 234 A; Zumpt, § 629; Krebs, § 427. (3) Of a definitive addition or complement where, in Eiglish, “that” may be exchanged with “so far as.” Likewise by quod; e.g., I have never seen you, that I know, non ego te, quod (quantum) sciam, umquam vidi: Vid: Grotef., § 234 A, I; Zumpt, § 559; Krebs, § 349, 10. (V) In all three cases ut is used, if the nature, aim, purpose, operation, or consequence, supposition, permission, exhortation, wish, or command, is to be marked as the subject, object, or definitive addition or complement of a chief proposition. For special uses of ut, Vid: Grotef., § 235, sqq; Zumpt, § 616, sqq; Krebs, § 414, sqq. ☞ After the words dignus, indignus, idoneus, aptus, for ut, with is (hic), etc., the Latins use qui (quae, quod, etc.); e.g., pleasure does not deserve, that a wise man should consider it, voluptas non est digna ad quam sapiens respiciat: Vid: Grotef., § 236, 4; Zumpt, §568; Krebs, § 344 (☞ dignus with an infinitive, poetry and late prose; Vid: Frotscher, Quint., 10, 1, 96, p. 87; Krebs, § 344). In like manner, qui for ut, is, etc., is used after is sum, non is sum; after talis, qualis, is (such an one), ejusmodi, etc.; after tam, tantus (usually with negatives); after quis? and after comparatives with quam, if these words import the degree of a property which can or ought to exist; e.g., who am I, that I should? etc., quis sum, qui (cujus, cui, etc.); e.g., quis sum, cujus aures laedi nefas sit? Vid: Grotef., § 236, Obs. 3 and 4; Zumpt, § 556, sqq; Krebs, § 343. But we find also ut is, etc., if an operation is to be signified, or else for the sake of perspicuity (especially if a qui, etc., be near); Vid: Krebs, §344, fin. Concluding Remarks: (a) The construction with “that not” does not alter in the cases mentioned under Nos: I., II., III., IV., and V. Only after the verbs “to fear, to care,” “that not” is ne non; more rarely ut; “that” is ne; Vid: Grotef., § 239, Obs., 5; Zumpt, § 533; Krebs, § 452: again, after the verb “to keep off, hinder, deter,” “that not” is quominus; Vid: Grotef., §228, c; Zumpt, § 543; Krebs, § 439. (b) After a negation we find quin for qui (quae, quod) non, if no emphasis lie on the negation; in like manner also, for qui non (why not?); Vid: Zumpt, § 538. (c) Ne is used for ut non, if the whole proposition is negatived; but ut non if the negative refer only to one word; Vid: Herzog, Caes., B.G., 3, 17. (d) Our “that - not at all,” “that - not by any means,” is expressed in Latin by ut ne, where ne must, for the most part, be placed separately from ut immediately before the idea which it precludes; e.g., that I should not by any means do this, ut hoc ne facerem. (e) “I say, maintain, affirm, that not (no, etc.),” is usually expressed by nego with an accusative and infinitive; e.g., he maintains that there are no gods, deos esse negat. (B) Denoting time: cum: ex quo (from the time that): until that, dum, donec, quoad: it is many years ago that I saw him, anni sunt plures, ex quo eum non vidi. (C) Denoting emotions or passions: (a) in wishes; that! oh that! would that! ut! utinam! o si! God grant that! etc., faxit Deus, ut, etc.: oh that not! utinam ne! (b) In exclamation and in indignant interrogative, the Latins usually adopt an (apparently) independent accusative and infinitive; e.g., ah! me unhappy! that thou shouldst for my sake have fallen into such trouble! me miserum! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse! Vid: Grotef., § 241, II.; Zumpt, § 609.