that Copy link Outline I. Demonstrative pronounII. Relative pronounIII. ConjunctionA. Introducing noun clauses1. expr. by acc. and inf.2. expr. by quod (as to the fact t.)3. expr. by ut (negatively by ne)4. Granting t. = ut (ellipt. for fac ut)B. Introducing final clauses1. when purpose is denoted, ut (uti), quo, negatively ne (less freq. ut ne)2. When result is denoted, ut (uti)C. Oh t.! (in wishes)1. ŭtĭnam2. O si • that: I. Demonstrative pronoun: to be expr. by iste (yon, t. of yours: t. near you, dem. of the 2nd pers.): ille (t. other, t. one at a distance, dem. of the 3rd pers.): both of which may be strengthened by the dem. particle -ce, v. Lat. Gr. § 78, Obs. 1: or by is, which is the logical and determinative pron., and weaker than either of the preced.; hence it is often omitted: it is the proper antecedent to qui. For the use of these prons. see Lat. Gr. §§ 365, 368, 370-374, 616, 619. Remarks:--(i.) since is is not a proper demons. it should not be used in such sentences as the foll., epistolae Ciceronis placent non eae Plinii; hae or illae must be used (Nägelsb. Styl. p. 243): with a rel. clause, however, we find Cic. Off. 3, begin thus: P. Scipionem, Marce fili, eum, qui primus Africanus appellatus sit, dicere solitum scripsit Cato.... (ii.) ille is often emph.: Xenophon, t. famous follower of Socrates, Xenophon Socraticus ille, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58. (iii.) iste is sometimes contemptuous: Lat. Gr. § 369. (iv.) the Eng. and Lat. idioms do not correspond in the use of the demons.: hic is not unfreq. used in pref. to is or even ille: sometimes the converse is the case. This is a mere point of style. In historians, esp. Caesar, hic is used to put a thing before the eyes of the reader: huic rei (for that purpose) quod satis est visum militum reliquit, Caes. B. G. 5, 2: and almost always in explanations, "t. is to say" = hoc est: cf. Cic. Mil. 9, 24: for id est, see id. Fin. 2, 1, 1: (it may also be rendered videlicet, v. namely): the mere unemphatic this is "is": idque ejus rei causa (for this reason) antiquitus institutum videtur ne ...: Caes. B. G. 6, 11: cf. 7, 1, id esse facile. (v.) and t. (emphatic) = et is, isque, atque is, et is quidem: Lat. Gr. §§ 374, 619, 638, Obs. 2: devoted to the noblest pursuits, and t. from a boy, studiis optimis deditus idque a puero, Cic. Fam. 13, 16, 4: t. very thing = id adeo, Lat. Gr. § 614: so, id demum, maxime, quidem: I had t. moment come into the Appian road when he met me, emerseram commode in Appiam (ex Antiati) quum in me incurrit, Cic. Att. 2, 12, ad init. (so, tantum quod, v. just). (vi.) this ... t.: v. under this. II. Relative pronoun: qui, quae, quod: v. who. III. Conjunction: A. Introducing noun clauses: 1. expr. by acc. and inf.: this is the case after verbs of thinking, knowing, perceiving, saying, hearing, or equiv. phr.: Lat. Gr. §§ 507, 508: news was brought t. the ambassadors had arrived from Rome, ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est, Liv. 21, 9. 2. expr. by quod (as to the fact t.): esp. freq. after verbs or phr. of mental emotion: rejoice t. a thousand eyes behold thee speaking, gaude quod mille oculi spectant te loquentem, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 19: cf. because. 3. expr. by ut (negatively by ne): esp. after verbs of entreating, commanding, effecting, resolve, fear, v. Lat. Gr. §§ 451, 452, 460. It must be remembered that after any verb of fearing ut expr. t. not, ne, t.: I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat: I fear he will come, vereor ne veniat. [N.B.--All such clauses are properly final clauses, denoting either purpose or result: a large number of verbs take either the acc. and inf. or ut with the subj., according as the clause is viewed simply as the object of the verb, or as depending upon it as purpose or result: thus impero admits either constr.: the admissible constr. must therefore be sought under each verb or phr. The constr. with ut after many adjs. goes to support the view that it is in origin a rel. pron.: thus, non est verisimile ut literas adamarit, Cic. Rosc. Am. 41, 121: sometimes the sentence gives exactly the Eng. idiom (t. being orig. a dem.): nec minus id contendunt et laborant ne ea quae dixerint enuntientur, Caes. B. G. 1, 31: id egi ne interessem rebus gerendis = I took care t. I was not mixed up with public transactions, Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2. ? closing bracket missing] 4. Granting t. = ut (ellipt. for fac ut): ut ita sit, Cic. Verr. 3, 64, 151: to think t.! is expr. ellipt. by the inf.: as, mene incepto desistere victam, Virg. Aen. 1, 37: v. Lat. Gr. § 516. B. Introducing final clauses: in order t., so t.: 1. when purpose is denoted, ut (uti), quo, negatively ne (less freq. ut ne): hence instead of ut nemo, ne quis, etc., must be used. 2. When result is denoted, ut (uti): negatively, ut non: after verbs of prevention, quominus, quin, the latter also after verbs of doubting. See Lat. Gr. §§ 450-463. The rel. qui may be subst. for ut: Lat. Gr. §§ 478-481. C. Oh t.! (in wishes): 1. ŭtĭnam: Lat. Gr. §§ 444, 446. O utinam occurs in Ov. H. 1, 5. 2. O si: Oh t. fortune would show me a jar of money! O si urnam argenti fors mihi monstret, Hor. S. 2, 6, 10.