punishment Copy link Outline I. Concrete1. poena, often pl. (= ποίνη, orig. payment, compensation2. supplĭcium (severe bodily p., usu. capital)3. corporal punishment, verbĕra, um, n. pl.4. multa, less well, mulcta (strictly and commonly, a fine, orig. of cattle, Gell. 11, 1; also any loss or penalty. said to be a Sabine word5. animadversio (prop. censure)6. exemplum, usu. pl. (signal, exemplary, condign p.)7. castīgātio (correction, e. g. c. verborum, Liv. 27, 15)8. vindicta (retribution, revenge9. noxa (hurt, harmII. Abstract; the act, process or principle of punishing1. expr. by pl. of supplĭcium, poena (including the various modes of punishment and so its entire nature2. expr. by punire, animadvertere, vindicare, poenas sumere, etc.; esp. in ger. or ger. part.3. ănĭmadversio4. pūnītio, archaicé, poenitio • punishment: I. Concrete: the penalty inflicted. 1. poena, often pl. (= ποίνη, orig. payment, compensation: in many passages convertible with satisfaction and penalty: the most general term): eight kinds of p.s are recognised in the laws, octo poenarum genera in legibus continentur, Cic. Ap. Aug. C. D. 21, 11: (that) death is the end of our being, not a p., mortem naturae finem esse, non p.m, Cic. Mil. 37, 101: to enforce respect by p., observantiam sancire poena, id. Planc. 19, 47. Constr. with gen. of the penalty, e. g. exsilii, mortis, Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7, etc.: p. capitis, capital p., Caes. B. G. 7, 71: with gen. of the offence: the divine p. of perjury, perjurii p. divina, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22: also gen. of the outraged thing or person, let there be a p. for breaking the law, poena violati juris esto, ib.: rarely with gen. of the offender: to inflict p. on the deserver, sumpsisse merentis poenas, Virg. Aen. 2, 585: also with gen. of the subject or source: p. appointed by the gods, Deorum immortalium poenae certissimae constitutae, Cic. in Pis. 20, 46; gravissimae legum poenae, ib. 21, 50. Sometimes with double gen. of subject and object: the p. of forgery among the Dorylenses is severer than elsewhere, poena est Dorylensium (al. leg. Dorylai, at Dorylaeum) gravior, quam apud alios, falsarum et corrupturum litterarum, id. Flacc. 17, 39. To assign, award, fix, establish, impose, a p. or p.s, poenam, poenas constituere, Caes. B. G. 6, 13; statuere, Suet. Caes. 14; addere, Cic. Mur. 23, 47; irrogare (strictly, with ref. to penal laws proposed to the people)., Hor. S. 1, 4, 117; imponere, Gell. 6, 14. To inflict p. on, afficere aliquem poena, Cic. Off. 2, 5, fin.; p. capere de aliquo, Liv. 2, 5, med.; in aliquem, Curt. 4, 6: poenam sumere ex [scelerato sanguine], Virg. Aen. 12, 949: oftener absol., sumere poenas, Gell. 6, 14: Virg. To inflict (as a common practice) some form of p. upon ..., genus poenae usurpare in: hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac republica esse usurpatum, Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7. To incur (make oneself liable to) p., poenam (also, in p.) committere: has the p. (or penalty) been incurred, or ought it to be inflicted? an commissa sit poena? an exigi debeat? Quint. 7, 4, 20: cf. committere in poenam edicti, Gai. Dig. 2, 2, 4: also, poenam contrahere (after anal. of damnum, periculum contrahere): to be liable to a particular p., teneri aliqua poena, Cic. Q. F. 2, 3, med.: so, poenis obligari, Cic. de Fin. 1, 14, 47. To suffer, undergo, receive, p. (strictly, pay the penalty, give satisfaction), either absol., or with dat. of the inflicter, or person aggrieved, and gen. of the offence (also pro), and abl. of the means or mode: poenam (poenas) dare, Cic. N. D. 3, 32, 81 (poenas morte dedit): so, with abl. of crime: Trebonium dedisse poenas: quo scelere? Cic.: poenas sceleris pendere, ib. 3, 33, 81: dependere, id. Sext. 67, 140; expendere, id. Tusc. 2, 9, 22; solvere, id. Mil. 31, 85; persolvere (to the full extent of one's guilt), Caes. B. G. 1, 12; luere (with the notion of blotting out or atoning for guilt by p.), Ov. Met. 3, 625: to bear or undergo a p., p. subire, Cic. Off. 3, 16, 65: also, p. ferre, Auct. pro dom. 52, 134; perferre, Cic. Sext. 69, 145; sufferre, id. Fl. 38, 96: sustinere, Auct. pro dom. 52, 135; habere, Cic. Leg. 2, 17, 44. To remit the p. of an offender at the request (or for the sake) of any one, poenam alicujus alicui remittere; Liv. 8, 35 (ut sibi poenam magistri equitum dictator remitteret). 2. supplĭcium (severe bodily p., usu. capital): to erect a cross for the p. of citizens, crucem ad civium s. defigere, Cic. C. Rab. 3, 11: severity of p.s, acerbitas suppliciorum, ib. Rab. 3, 10: cf. id. Cat. 4, 4, 7: (Mithridates) put to death a consular legate with the tortures of bonds and stripes and every form of p. (torture), legatum P. R. consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni s. excruciatum necaret, id. Man. 5, 12. To restrain or coerce by p.s, suppliciis coërcere. id. Cat. 1, 1, 3: scelus fraudemque nocentis supplicio constringere, id. de Or. 1, 46, 202: fig., culpam supplicio recidere, Hor. Od. 3, 24, 33. To establish, appoint, award, a p., s. constituere in: (Solon) appointed no p. for a parricide, nullum s. constituit in eum, qui parentem necasset, Cic. R. Am. 25, 70: also with dat. of person: id. Clu. 46, 128; or of the offence, Caes. B. G. 6, 17 (gravissimum ei rei s. constitutum). To devise (invent) a unique (signal) p. for, invenire, excogitare, singulare in aliquem s., Cic. R. Am. 25, 70, 71. To demand p. on a person, aliquem petere ad s., Quint. 7, 6, 6. To inflict p. on any one, s. sumere de aliquo; also with abl. of the manner; or absol.: to inflict the p. of scourging with the utmost cruelty, virgis s. crudelissime sumere, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 37, 91: cf. de indemnato s. sumere, id. Inv. 2, 28, 84 also supplicio aliquem afficere: in pass. = to suffer p., Caes. B. G. 1, 27 (ne, armis traditis, supplicio afficerentur). To suffer or undergo p., supp. ferre, perferre: (Afranius said that) they had suffered p. enough, satis supplicii tulisse, id. B. C. 1, 84: supplicia miserrima et crudelissima perferre, Cic. (Nizol.): subire supp.: nihil affertur quominus, summa supplicia subeunda nobis sint, id. Ep. ad Brut. 12: solvere supp.; the p. of parricide having been already inflicted (or, the penalty paid), soluto supplicio parricidii, id. Phil. 13, 10. To take p. from a person (let him punish one), illi de me supp. dabo, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 75. To expiate or purify by p., (Clodius) nomen quidem Pi. Ri. tanto scelere contaminavit, ut id nulla re possit, nisi ipsius supplicio, expiari, Auct. Har. Resp. 16, 35. To be satisfied by a person's p., cujus ne supplicio quidem ullo satiari videtur posse Ps. Rs., Cic. Ph. 13, 10, 21: to be dragged to p., ad s. rapi: id. de Or. 2, 59, 238: to go to p., ad s. proficisci: id. Off. 3, 18, 100. Capital p., capitale s., Suet. Dom. 8; called also, s. summum, supremum: to enact c. p. for a crime (or, punish it with death), incestum supremo s. sancire, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22. Eternal p., aeterna supplicia: tum tu, Juppiter, hunc ..., aeternis s. vivos mortuosque mactabis, id. Cat. 1, fin. The inflicter of p. (said of a magistrate), exactor supplicii, Liv. 2, 5. 3. corporal punishment, verbĕra, um, n. pl.: corporal p. of a Roman citizen, verbera civis Romani, Quint. 4, 2, 113: v. scourging, flogging. 4. multa, less well, mulcta (strictly and commonly, a fine, orig. of cattle, Gell. 11, 1; also any loss or penalty. said to be a Sabine word: v. Smith's Lat. Dict.): let this be his p., to go without wine for 20 days, haec ei multa esto: vino viginti dies ut careat, Pl. As. 4, 1, 55. Joined with poena: multa et poena multare, Cic. Balb. 18, 42: cf. id. Leg. 3, 3, 6 (Vet. Lex), per populum multae poenae certatio esto. To award a p. (orig. impose a fine), multam dicere (with dat. of person): Crassus Flacco collegae multam dixit, Cic. Ph. 11, 8, 18; also, m. indicere, Plin. 18, 3, 3; m. imponere, Liv. 10, 37; m. facere, Cato in Gell. 11, 1: he had named the p. (here capital p.), [diem mihi dixerat]; multam irrogarat, Cic. Mil. 14, 36: the naming of the p., multae irrogatio, id. Rab. 3, 8. To deserve, incur, become subject to p., m. committere, id. Clu. 37, 103. To suffer, undergo, receive p., m. subire, Ov. F. 5, 289. To ward off p., m. depellere ab ..., Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 3. To remit a p., m. remittere, id. Phil. 11, 8, 18, v. sup. (Note.--damnum, n., is also a pecuniary p., and is joined with multa: quis unquam tanto damno senatorem coëgit? aut quid est ulta pignus aut multam? Cic. Phil. 1, 5, 12: v. fine.) 5. animadversio (prop. censure): usu. a p. inflicted by magistrates: esp. by the censors, Cic. Clu. 42, 119: so, notationes a.que censorum, id. Off. 3, 31, 111: by a dictator, a. dictatoria, Vell. 2, 68: the fear of a father's p., animadversionis paternae metus, Cic. R. Am. 24, 68: with gen. of offence: id. Clu. 46, 128 (a. vitiorum): with gen. of subject, and in with acc. of object: talis a. fuit Dolabellae, quum in audaces sceleratosque servos, tum in impuros et nefarios liberos, id. Phil. 1, 2, 5. Sometimes of the severest p.s: behold the nature of the p. (roasting a magistrate alive), genus animadversionis videte, id. Verr. 2, 1, 17, 45: esp. capital p. (a. capitalis, Suet. Aug. 24), the apprehension of the conspirators was my act, their p. the Senate's, comprehensio sontium mea, a. Senatus fuit, id. Att. 2, 8: of military execution, e. g. with ref. to Torquatus and his son, Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 35. Join with supplicium, to remit p. at another's request (dat.): e. g. animadversionem et supplicium remitto tibi et condono, Vatin. in Cic. Fam. 5, 10, 2. Forming a climax with cognitio and poena: deinde orbis terrarum gentiumque omnium datur cognitio sine consilio, poena sine provocatione, animadversio sine auxilio, id. Rull. 2, 13, 33. But in milder sense with castigatio: all p. and correction ought to be free from insult, omnis a. et castigatio contumelia vacare debet, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 88. To inflict p., animadvertĕre, with in and acc. of the person: v. to punish (No. 2). 6. exemplum, usu. pl. (signal, exemplary, condign p.): with dicere, facere, statuere, edere in: that I might not see the disgraceful p. they're going to sentence him to, ut ne viderem quae futura exempla dicunt in eum indigna, Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 24: how say you? who's going to suffer p. (be made an example of)? quid aïs? in quem exempla fient? ib. 26: both will punish you, uterque exempla in te edent, ib. 5, 6, 21: to inflict all p.s and tortures on the hostages (as an example to their tribe), in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, Caes. B. G. 1, 31: the last or extreme p. (of death), novissima exempla, Tac. A. 12, 20. 7. castīgātio (correction, e. g. c. verborum, Liv. 27, 15): p. by the censors, censoria c., Plin. 18, 6, 7: corporal p., c. fustium, Paul. Dig. 1, 15, 3; c. flagellorum, Callistr. ib. 48, 19, 7 (cf. infr.). 8. vindicta (retribution, revenge: less freq. in present sense): cf. Vell. 2, 114 (denoting a climax in military discipline), admonitio frequens, interdum et castigatio, vindicta rarissima. 9. noxa (hurt, harm: only as legal term): to deserve p., n. merere (mereri), Liv. 8, 28: to deliver one to p., noxae dedere aliquem, Ulp. Dig. 4, 3, 9: correl. to receive for p., noxae accipere, id. ib. 7, 1, 17, § 2: to be delivered over for p., noxae dedi, Liv. 26, 29. To be exempted from p., noxae eximi, Liv. 8, 35; also, noxa exsolvi, id. 23, 14: to be condemned to p., noxae damnari, id. 8, 35. Phr.: to be condemned to capital p., capitis condemnari, Cic. C. Rab. 4, 12: less technically, mitti ad mortem, id. Tusc. 1, 41, 97: cf. vitam amittere per summum dedecus, id. R. Am. 11, 30: without p., impūnītus; adv. impūnĕ, less freq., impūnītē: v. impunity. II. Abstract; the act, process or principle of punishing: 1. expr. by pl. of supplĭcium, poena (including the various modes of punishment and so its entire nature: cf. L. G. §§ 591, 593): cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247, legibus et praemia proposita sunt virtutibus et supplicia [poenae] vitiis ('a system of reward and p.'): the sing. of poena occurs in quasi-abstr. sense, id. ad Br. 1, 15, ad init., Solon remp. duabus rebus contineri, praemio et poena: we ought not to take pleasure in p., *non decet poenis suppliciisque gaudere. 2. expr. by punire, animadvertere, vindicare, poenas sumere, etc.; esp. in ger. or ger. part.: the laws are established for the p. of the guilty, *leges ad sontes puniendos [sontium puniendorum causa] constituuntur: the third case of p. is when ..., tertia ratio vindicandi est, quum ..., Gell. 6, 14: v. to punish. 3. ănĭmadversio: Gell. l. c. 4. pūnītio, archaicé, poenitio: Gell. l. c.: Vell.