combat Copy link Outline 1. pugna, proelium2. certāmen3. ăgōn, ōnis, m. (Gr. ἀγὼν) • combat: 1. pugna, proelium: v. battle, fight. 2. certāmen: v. contest, struggle. 3. ăgōn, ōnis, m. (Gr. ἀγὼν): only of the public games: a gymnastic c., gymnicus a., Plin. Ep. (certamen is however the word most frequently used of such c.s: Cic.: Suet.). Phr.: to offer oneself for a c. in the amphitheatre, in arenam se dare, Triph. Dig.: v. arena: in close c., cōmĭnus or commĭnus; as opp. to ēmĭnus, of fighting or skirmishing at a distance: v. close (quarters): the c. was waged fiercely on both sides, acriter pugnatum est ab utrisque, Liv.: Caes.: v. to fight: to engage in single c., ferro decertare, Liv. (which, however, might be used of a number of combatants). N.B. The expr. pugna singularis, proelium or certamen singulare, for single c., have no good authority. pugna and certamen are sufficiently precise: cf. Liv. 7, 9 (fin.), 10 (init.).