spirit Copy link Outline I. Orig. senseII. Animating principle1. ănĭma (vital principle; in man or in brutes)2. spīrĭtus (not class. in this sense)III. Intelligence apart from body; an immaterial being, human or otherwise1. mens, ntis, f.2. spīrĭtus (not class. in this sense)3. ănĭmaIV. Esp. in pl., the dead as living in another state; disembodied spirits1. ănĭmae2. mānes, ium, m. (used both of the departed spirit of an individual and of the community of spirits)V. As syn. for mind or soul, but usu. with a somewhat higher conception1. ănĭmus2. ingĕniumVI. Vivacity and energy of mind1. ănĭmus2. spīrĭtus, ūs (high s.)3. vis, vĭgorVII. Animation and energy of style1. vĭgor (appy. not in Cic.)2. ănĭmus (late in this use)3. nervi, orum (sinew, i. e. force and energy4. very oft. expr. by adj.VIII. Temper or disposition1. ingĕnium, indŏles (both denoting natural, and so permanent character)2. ănĭmus (attitude of mind at any given time)3. stŭdium (strong or eager bent of mind)4. mens (both of permanent and temporary features of mind)5. often such phrr. as a kindly s., a hostile s., may be expr. by a single wordIX. Peculiar or prevailing sentiment and complexion; esp. of an age or a nation1. perh. rătio2. mōres3. sēcŭlum (fashion or s. of the age; in unfavourable sense)X. Intention; as distinguished from mere verbal expression1. vŏluntas2. consĭlium (intention)3. sententia (meaning)XI. Meton., a person, as marked by certain intellectual qualitiesXII. Theol., the renewed nature of manXIII. Chem., a distilled fluid • spirit: I. Orig. sense: the breath: spīrĭtus, ūs: v. breath. II. Animating principle: 1. ănĭma (vital principle; in man or in brutes): v. soul. 2. spīrĭtus (not class. in this sense): Vulg. Eccl. iii. 21: et pass. (= Gr. πνεῦμα). See also soul. III. Intelligence apart from body; an immaterial being, human or otherwise: 1. mens, ntis, f.: God is a pure s., Deus est mens soluta quaedam et libera [segregata ab omni concretione mortali], Cic. Tusc. 1, 27, 66: the stars are animated by divine s.s, stellae divinis m. animatae sunt, id. Rep. 6, 15, med. 2. spīrĭtus (not class. in this sense): God is a s., s. est Deus, Vulg. Joh. iv. 24: the Holy S., Sanctus S., ib. pass. 3. ănĭma: Virg. Aen. 6, 713: v. soul. IV. Esp. in pl., the dead as living in another state; disembodied spirits: 1. ănĭmae: the s.s of the blest, piae a., Hor. Od. 1, 10, 17: Virg. 2. mānes, ium, m. (used both of the departed spirit of an individual and of the community of spirits): v. shade (IV.). The world of s.s, infĕri, orum; later, Orcus: v. shade (V.). V. As syn. for mind or soul, but usu. with a somewhat higher conception: 1. ănĭmus: a lofty s., animus excelsus magnificusque, Cic. Off. 1, 23, init.: a magnus elatusque, ib. 1, 18, 61: cf. Sall. Cat. 5, a. vastus, an unbounded (ambitious) s.: v. mind, soul. 2. ingĕnium: a lofty and elevated s., sublime et erectum i., Tac. Agr. 4: so, i. excelsum, Plin. Ep. VI. Vivacity and energy of mind: 1. ănĭmus: our men are imbued with fresh s., nostris augetur animus, Caes. B. G. 7, 70: be of good s. (courage), ades animo! Cic. Rep. 6, 10: also pl.: (the goddess) imparts s., animos dat, Ov. M. 5, 47. Hence, full of s., ănĭmōsus (whether of men or animals): Cic.: Ov.: v. spirited. 2. spīrĭtus, ūs (high s.): a man of immense s. (with the accessory idea of pride and ambition), ingentis s. vir, Liv. 21, 1: esp. pl., of an overbearing and arrogant s.: Cic. Clu. 39, 109 (noratis animos ejus ac s. tribunicios): Liv. 3. vis, vĭgor: v. vigour, energy. Lacking s.: ignāvus: v. spiritless, cowardly. Phr.: I am in wonderful s.s for fighting, sum mira alacritate ad pugnandum, Cic. Att. 2, 7. VII. Animation and energy of style: 1. vĭgor (appy. not in Cic.): Join: quantum vigoris, quantum animi [in illo libro], Sen. Ep. 64, 2. 2. ănĭmus (late in this use): plenty of thought and of s. (in an orator), et consilii et animi satis, Quint. 10, 1, 113: cf. Sen. l. c. 3. nervi, orum (sinew, i. e. force and energy: a stronger term than Eng.): cf. Cic. Or. 19, 62, horum oratio neque nervos neque aculeos (pungency) oratorios ac forenses habet. 4. very oft. expr. by adj.: full of spirit, acer, vehemens, animosus: v. spirited. Lacking s., frigidus, lentus: v. flat, dull, spiritless. VIII. Temper or disposition: 1. ingĕnium, indŏles (both denoting natural, and so permanent character): a manly s., ingenium virile, Sall. C. 20: a virtuous s., virtutis indoles, Cic. Off. 3, 4, 16: v. disposition, temper, mind. 2. ănĭmus (attitude of mind at any given time): you ought to display this s. towards me, hoc a. in nos esse debebis, Cic. Fam. 2, 1, extr.: animated by a friendly s. towards the R. people, bono a. in P. R., Caes. B. G. 1, 6: Suet. So animatus (influenced by a certain s.): entertaining a bad s. (disaffected) towards, male animatus erga ..., Suet. Vit. 7: so, bene animatus, Nep. Cim. 2. 3. stŭdium (strong or eager bent of mind): a warlike s., s. bellicae gloriae, Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61: the s. of inquiry after truth, s. ad investigandam veritatem incitatum, id. Tusc. 5, 24, 68: a revolutionary s., novandi s. rerum novarum s. (cupiditas): v. revolution (III.). 4. mens (both of permanent and temporary features of mind): a virtuous s., m. bona, Liv. 39, 16, med.: Ter.: the s. of (prevailing in) the armies, m. exercituum, Tac. H. 1, 4. 5. often such phrr. as a kindly s., a hostile s., may be expr. by a single word: v. kindness, hostility, etc. IX. Peculiar or prevailing sentiment and complexion; esp. of an age or a nation: 1. perh. rătio: cf. Cic. Verr. 5, 69, 177, ratio atque inclinatio temporum (the s. and tendency of the age): the s. of the oratory of each age, cujusque aetatis dicendi ratio voluntasque, id. de Or. 2, 22, 92. 2. mōres: since the s. of the age inclines to ..., quum hi mores ad ... incubuerint, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3: so, quum ita se mores habent, Sall. Cat. 52, med. 3. sēcŭlum (fashion or s. of the age; in unfavourable sense): cf. Tac. Ger., nec corrumpere et corrumpi seculum vocatur: also Pl. Trin. 2, 2, 7, novi ego hoc s. quibus moribus slet. Phr.: he exercised office in the same s. in which he had sought it, quibus artibus petierat magistratus, iisdem gerebat, Liv. 7, 33. (See Nägels. Stil. § 67, 2.) X. Intention; as distinguished from mere verbal expression: 1. vŏluntas: whether to abide by the letter or s. of laws, verbis legum an voluntate standum sit, Quint. 7, 10, 6: Cic. Join: voluntas et sententia (legis), Cic. Verr. 3, 84, 193: voluntas et consilium et sententia (interdicti), id. Caec. 18, 50. 2. consĭlium (intention): Cic. Caec. l. c.: cf. ib. paulo infr., ad verba rem deflectere, consilium autem eorum qui scripserunt relinquere (to sacrifice the spirit to the letter). 3. sententia (meaning): like consilium, may be strengthened by a synonym: v. supr. Phr.: to obey the letter or the s. of a command, ad verba obedire, ad id quod ex verbis intelligitur obtemperare, Cic. Caec. 18, 52: not to translate literally, but to give the s. of an author, *non verbum verbo reddere sed mentem sententiamque scriptoris referre; *potius ex mente scriptoris quam ex verbis interpretari. XI. Meton., a person, as marked by certain intellectual qualities: ingĕnium: cf. Tac. Agr. 2, monumenta clarissimorum ingeniorum (of those illustrious spirits): also Sall. Cat. 8, scriptorum magna ingenia. Phr.: a choice s., *singulari virtute atque ingenio vir: eximiae mentis indolis homo: a generous s., *vir generosus ac liberalis (v. generous): a beautiful s., *venustissimi candidissimique ingenii homo. XII. Theol., the renewed nature of man: spīrĭtus: Vulg. XIII. Chem., a distilled fluid: spīrĭtus: used as scient. t. t.: also lĭquor (tenuissimus, nobilissimus, efficacissimus): Bauer in Kr.