• UNDER

1.

• sub; (1) with ablative in answer to where? (a) with reference to something extended over and covering an object. Under the earth, sub terra: under a shabby cloak, sub palliolo sordido (Cic.); or (b) with reference to what is elevated high above or by an object, sub muro consistere: sub monte considere: so figuratively, sub oculis alicujus esse (Liv.). ImPROP., sub armis esse, habere (under arms): (2) with accusative, in answer to whither? hence, under the earth, water, etc., will take accusative after verbs of motion. [Livy has sub terra viri demissi sunt in locum saxo conseptum; here the state that follows is dwelt upon rather than the act. Key’s Gramm., p. 336.] (a) Beneath the lower side of anything, sub terras ire (Verg.): (b) with reference to the lower part of an elevated object, sub ipsa moenia progressus (Tac.); missus sub muros (Liv.); sub montem succedere (Caes.); and so sub oculos cadere, venire: (3) with both cases also IMPROP., in the sense of subjection, dependence, subordination, etc.; under his command, hujus sub imperio; so sub Hannibale magistro; quaedam sub eo [Tito] fortuita ac tristia acciderunt (Suet.): so, under the pretence, sub titulo [aequandarum legum, Liv.]; sub specie [liberandarum civitatium, Liv.]: under a condition, sub conditioner: under the condition, sub ea conditione [ut, ne, etc.; e.g., ut ne quid...scriberet]: under these conditions, sub conditionibus his (Liv.): under penalty of death, sub poena mortis (e.g., denuntiare aliquid, Suet.). So with accusative after verbs implying motion. To fall under the power of the laws, sub potestatem legum cadere (Cic.): to fall under the dominion of the Roman people, sub populi Romani imperium cadere (Cic.): to reduce under the power of the Athenians, sub potestatem Atheniensium redigere (Nep.); so sub legis vincula aliquid conjicere (Liv., Vid: Krüger, in voce Sub): subter (beneath, under, with accusative or ablative, mostly the former: subter radices Alpium; virtus omnia subter se habet; cupiditatem subter praecordia locare, Cic.): infra (below, beneath: infra lunam nihil nisi mortale). In a few combinations in is used (e.g., to walk under the shade of plane-trees, in umbra platanorum ambulare); and ☞ in references to lexicographers, scholiasts, etc., “under the word μίτρα,” etc., must be in (not sub) voce μίτρα (Frotsch. ad Muret., 1, p. 244). To leave anything concealed under his garment, aliquid veste tectum tenere: under anybody, Vid: sub, above: under anybody’s guidance, aliquo duce: to fight under a general, sub aliquo militare: to be under the laws, legibus obnoxium esse: under anybody’s auspices, auspiciis (☞ not sub auspiciis) alicujus: to have a horse shot undeer one, equum acie sub feminibus amittere: under these circumstances, his rebus; quae cum ita sint (essent, etc.) in hoc (or in tali) tempore (= in this so critical a time: here in must be expressed): to be under (= below) anybody, infra aliquem esse: inferiorem aliquo esse.
• With reference to time. Under so many (e.g., 30) years old, (1) minor triginta annis (Liv., 22, 11): (2) minor triginta annis natu (Cic., Verr., 2, 49, 122): (3) minor triginta annos natus (Nep., 23, 3): (4) minores... octonum denum annorum (Liv., 38, 38). Other forms are, minor (triginta) annis: nondum (triginta) annos natus: (tricesimum) annum nondum egressus. Not to be able to arrive under seven days, intra septem dies venire non posse: not to be able to sell anything under, minori pretio aliquid non vendere. All agreed that the number of Carthaginian cavalry was not under two hundred, constabat non minus ducentos Carthaginienses equites fuisse (Liv.): under thirty days, minus triginta diebus (e.g., reversum esse). ☞ “Under” is sometimes translated by sub-, the inseparable preposition of a verb; e.g., to lie under, subjacere: to place under, supponere, subjicere: to be under, subesse: to spread under, substernere. To place ducks’ eggs under hens, anatum ova gallinis supponere (Varr.; also supponere colla oneri, olivam prelo, etc.): corn is placed immediately under the roof tiles, frumentum tegulis subjacet (so monti subjacere, Plin.): to bt under the power of fortune or chance, subjectum esse sub fortunae dominationem. To include anything under another (of logical subdivisions, the meaning of words, etc.), subjicere or supponere aliquid alicui rei (e.g., species, quae sunt generi subjectae; quatuor partes, quae subjiciuntur vocabulo recti; huic generi partes quatuor supposuit, Cic.): to reduce cities under the Roman power, urbes sub imperium populi Romani ditionemque subjungere (☞ novas provincias imperio nostro subjunxit, Velleius, 2, 39, at the end.). For “to be under sail,” “to tread under foot,” etc., Vid: the substantives.

2. (as adjective), inferior, etc. Sometimes by secundus; sub- in composition (e.g., suppromus). The under lip, labrum inferius.