Denoting direction of one object toward another, either at rest or in motion. (a) In a state of rest, ad, in, with an accusative: versus (-ward, toward a place, is usually put after the name of the place; and if this be not the name of a town, ad and in are also, used). Toward the east, ad orientem: toward the south, ad meridiem versus: toward the west, ad occidentem: toward the north, ad or in septemtriones: to lie toward the north and west, spectare in septemtriones et occidentem solem: toward Rome, ad Romam versus: toward the ocean, in oceanum versus. (b) In motion, in with an accusative, adversus: toward the mountain, adversus montem: to advance toward the town, toward the enemy, adversus urbem, adversus hostem, castra movere: Hence (c) Of the direction of an inclination or action toward a person or personified object = in respect of, with reference to, as concerns, etc., erga (almost always with the notion of good-will): adversus (of inclination and aversion); in, with an accusative or ablative (with this difference, thai the accusative distinctly sets before us the reference to a person; the ablative, on the other hand, rather shows that the action is to be represented absolutely, yet still in reference to some person; the construction of in with the ablative is usual after expressions denoting hatred, cruelty, rage, etc.; ☞ Bremi, Nep., Dion, 6, 2; Phoc., 4, 3; Kritz, Sall., Cat., 9, 2): liberal toward the soldiers, liberalis erga milites: faithful toward friends, fidelis in amicos, or in amicis: to show clemency toward anybody, clementia uti in aliquem: the people entertained such a hatred toward it, in hoc tantum fuit odium multitudinis: to give vent to one’s rage toward anybody, saevitiam exercere in aliquo: to use force toward anybody, vim adhibere in aliquo: the goodness of God toward men, divina bonitas erga homines: love toward anybody’s country, amor in patriam. Where, however, no obscurity exists, the Latins frequently express the direction of an inclination or aversion, etc., by the simple genitive; e.g., love toward one’s country, caritas patriae; hatred toward slavery, odium servitutis: to be seized with compassion toward anybody, misericordia alicujus capi; ☞ Grotef., § 177, 4; Zumpt, § 423. Frequently also, after verbs, “toward” is expressed by the case of the verb; e.g., to be inspired with love toward anybody, aliquem amare, diligere.