SUBSTANCE Copy link • SUBSTANCEThat which is or has being, res: res creata (☞ avoid “ens” and “essentia”): A living substance, animans (man); animal: an intellectual substance, mens; natura intelligens, mente or ratione praedita. An essential part, natura (element): corpus (body): natura atque vis: vis et natura: ☞ substantia is found in Quint., Sen., and later writers; often by esse or esse in rerum natura. Means of life, facultates: res: omnia ad vitam necessaria (Cic.). The chief part of a thing, medulla: flos: vires atque nervi: summa: caput rei. Reality, as opposed to appearance, veritas, or by ipse (e.g., to have the appearance of virtue, but not the substance, speciem virtutis prae se ferre, non virtute ipsa praeditum esse. To have some substance, stabilitatis aliquid habere (Cic., of a philosophical opinion).