IN Copy link • IN(1) In answer to where? in what? in with ablative. ☞ Since, however, in denotes only a part of the whole space, it is not expressed, but the abative only used, when the space or place is not considered with reference to any one part, but as a general specification; thus, he accuses Alexander in one of his letters, epistola quadam Alexandrum accusat (i. e., the accusation forms the general subject of the letter; Cic., Off., 2, 15, 53); but, he writes in one of his letters, scribit in litteris (= he introduces the mention of this in one of his letters, Caes., B.G., 5, 49): in the book which I have entitled Hortensius, I have done my best to recommend the study of philosophy, cohortati sumus, ut maxime potuimus, philosophiae studium eo libro, qui est inscriptus Hortensius (the whole book treats of philosophy; Cic., De Div., 2, 1, 1): what these are [the duties of justice] has been stated in the preceding book, ea quae essent, dictum est in libro superiore (in one chapter of it [viz., book 1, chap. vii.] Cic., Off., 2, 13): in Greece, in Graecia: in the whole of Greece, tota Graecia. ☞ When a writer is quoted without mention of the particular work, “in” is translated not by in, but apud [though Quint., 9, 4, 18, uses “in” in this way]; e.g., it is written in Xenophon, apud Xenophontem scriptum est. ☞ “In” is also omitted before the names of towns; sing. nouns of the first and second declension being placed in the genitive, others in the ablative, without any preposition. The names of small islands follow the same rule, those of larger islands take the preposition, Zumpt, § 398. ☞ If extension through a space is denoted, the Latins use per, as the Greeks ἀνά: he had debts in every country, aes alienum per omnes terras. The other instances in which “in,” in answer to “where?” “in what?” is translated by a simple case, will be found under the verbs after which this occurs. ☞ It may still be remarked, that “in” before a substantive is often translated by a present participle; e.g., with a stick in his hand, baculum manu tenens [to stand by with a stick in his hand, cum baculo astare]; in the sight of the army, inspectante exercitu: sometimes by an adjective, as, Davus in the play, Davus comicus †: or by adverbs, in earnest, serio; in truth, vere; in abundance, abundanter: or the Latins choose some other preposition, as, in joke, per jocum; in my presence, coram me. ☞ “To have an excellent friend in such a person,” is habere aliquem bonum amicum (bonum amicum in aliquo habere would be absurd): to have found a courageous friend or foe in anybody, aliquem fortem amicum or inimicum expertum esse (Nep.). ☞ “In ready money,” “in gold,” etc., are expressed litterally, at least in post-Augustan writers, in pecunia, in auro; ☞ Suet., Tib., 49; Galb., 8. (2) In answer to “whither?” “into what?” implying not merely rest in a place, but previous motion toward it; in with accusative. ☞ With verbs of placing, setting, laying, etc. (ponere, locare, collocare, statuere, constituere), the following rest is principally considered, and “in” with ablative used (Zumpt, § 489): only imponere (when it has not the dative of the place where) and reponere mostly take “in” with accusative; so, also, defigere (to fix in); describere, inscribere (to write or inscribe in); and insculpere (to engrave in) are followed by the accusative with “in” (or by the dative). ☞ Haase ad Reisig., note 573, says that ponere in aliquid occurs only in the figuratively sense in good authors; e.g., in historiam, Cic.: that imponere in aliquo loco is very rare (e.g., in equuleo impositus, Val. Max.); whereas imponere in navem or naves (regularly), in plaustrum, etc. For in ignem posita est (Terentianus, And., 1, 1, 102), Bentley’s Codicil has imposita; but libros in ignem ponere, Sen., De Ir., 3, 23. The preposition may also fall away after many verbs compounded with in (e.g., ingredi urbem or in urbem). For these the verbs must be consulted. (3) With reference to time: (a) In answer to “when?” in with ablative. But here, too, when the whole time is meant (as it usually is) the preposition is omitted, and the ablative only stands: in the present year, hoc anno; in our times, hac aetate. When the circumstances of the time, its dangerous character, etc., are to be noted, in is expressed; e.g., in hoc tempore = “in this critical period,” “in this time of distress;” so in illo tempore, hoc quidem in tempore: so when “in time” = “in good time,” in tempore is used, “but in both cases the ablative alone also occurs,” Zumpt, § 475, note. In descriptions of a man’s age, either the ablative only is used, or the participle agens, with the accusative of the time; in his eightieth year, octogesimo anno or octogesimum annum agens (☞ Liv. 39, 40): if the date refers to his death, either natus, with accusative of time, is used, or the genitive only, if closely joined with the substantive; e.g., Alexander died in his thirty-fourth year, decessit Alexander annos tres et triginta natus; or Alexander annorum trium et triginta decessit (Zumpt, 397). (b) In answer to “within what time?” ablative alone, or with in or intra [Agamemnon... decem annis unam cepit urbem, Nep. Senatus decrevit, ut... in diebus proximis Italiā decederent, Sall. Tarraconem paucis diebus pervenit, Caes., omnia commemorabo, quae inter or intra decem annos nefarie facta sunt, in these last ten years; intra nonum diem opera absoluta sunt, before nine days had expired.] - intra, inter (inter marks only the duration of the time that has elapsed while anything was taking place, not the points from which to which, which is denoted by intra). ☞ In so many days, years, etc., after another event, is variously translated: (I will do something) in eight days from the date of this letter, octo diebus, quibus has litteras dabam; in four days from his death, quatriduo, quo is occisus est; I hope to see him in three days from the date of this letter, aliquem triduo cum has dabam litteras, exspectabam: so for years; tribus annis (or tertio anno) postquam venerat; post tres annos (or annum tertium) quam venerat; tribus annis or tertio anno, quam (or cum, or quo, quibus) venerat. (c) During what time, per (if the whole time is intended; e.g., the stars are visible in the night, per noctem cernuntur sidera: in these last few days, per hos dies, in a negative sentence; e.g., nulla abs te epistola venerat): inter: intra (within; with reference to past time; qui intra annos quatuordecim tectum non subiissent, Caes., B.G., 1, 36; omnia... quae inter quatuordecim annos postquam judicia ad senatum translata sunt, nefarie fiagitioseque facta sunt, Cic., Verr., 1, 13). (4) In respect of, with regard to; ablative only (to express a particular circumstance or limitation; e.g., aequare aliquem sapientiā, in wisdom; meā sententiā, judicio, etc., in my opinion, judgement): ab (especially of that in respect of which a man is strong, well or ill prepared, etc.; e.g., firmus ab equitatu, strong in cavalry; ab omni parte beatus, in every respect): ad (with reference to an object or purpose: ad speciem magnificus, splendid in appearance: ad consilia prudens, wise in counsel; ad labores belli impiger, unwearied in the labors of war, etc.). (5) Relations in which “in” is translated by other prepositions, or by some of those already mentioned in other relations. (a) Ad [Vid: (4)]. (1) In the likeness, manner, etc., of, ad modum; ad effigiem, similitudinem, or speciem alicujus rei: (2) = “in comparison of,” nihil ad hanc rem; ad hunc hominem. (b) apud: (1) “in” an author [Vid: (1)]: (2) apud locum for in loco, “very rare in Cic., very common in Tac.;” cf: Zumpt, and Orelli ad Cic., Verr., 4, 48, cenam dabat apud villam in Tyndaritano; so apud forum modo e Davo audivi, Ter., Andr., 2, 1, 2. (c) Penes aliquem est = “is vested in;” penes regem omnis potestas est. (d) Per: per jocum, in joke; per iram, in anger; per ridiculum, in a ridiculous manner. (e) secundum = (1) in accordance with, secundum naturam vivere [Vid: (h)]: (2) in favor of, secundum aliquem decernere or judicare. (f) Ab: (1) ab initio, “in the beginning,” not necessarily implying from that time onward; e.g., Consuli non animus ab initio, non fides ad extremum defuit; ab initio hujus defensionis dixi: (2) to be in our favor, a nobis facere (of a thing); a nobis stare (of persons): (3) = in consequence of, cum misericordia ab recenti memoria perfidiae auditi sunt; a superstitione animi (in consequence of his superstitious feelings, Curt.). (g) Cum, before the name of a dress; majorem partem diei cum tunica pulla sedere solebat et pallio: also, to do anything in contempt of us, cum contemptione nostri aliquid facere (Caes.). (h) Ex, (1) before the name of that in which anything is cooked or drunk, etc., ex aqua, vino, etc.: coquere or bibere: (2) = “in consequence of,” “in accordance with,” ex senatūs consulto; ex testamento, etc.; e natura vivere; Vid: (e). (i) Prae = “in comparison of;” Romam prae sua Capua irridebant; ☞ (a). (j) Pro: pro portione, in proportion; pro ratā parte, in a proper proportion. (k) In: (1) in length, breadth, etc., in longitudinem, latitudinem [Vid. LENGTH, BREADTH]: (2) aliquid in manibus est, is in hand (= is commenced); aliquid in manibus habere, to have anything in hand = to be engaged upon it. ☞ Now and then in with accusative is found where we should have expected in with ablative, but only in a few political and legal expressions: in potestatem, amicitiam, ditionem, etc., esse or manere (Cic., Div. in Caec, 20; in Verr., 5, 30); mihi in mentem est, comedy [Bentl. on Ter., Heaut., 2, 33]. (3) “As far as in me lay,” quantum in me fuit, etc. (1) Super = “in addition to”: super annonam bellum premit; super morbum etiam fames affecit exercitum. ☞ By an English idiom, an “in” at the end of a clause, after an infinitive, may = “in which,” and is to be translated by in quo (qua, quo) or ubi; e.g., unless he should have a country to triumph in, nisi... ubi triumpharet, esset habiturus. He had made choice of Piso’s house, to reside in, Pisonis domum, ubi habitaret, legerat (Cic.). (6) With the participial substantive; cum, with the indicative (of two statements that are virtually identical, or of two actions that are necessarily inseparable; e.g., “you do well in loving the child;” i. e., your loving the child is also doing a good action, praeclare facis, cum puerum diligis; so, cum in portum dico, in urbem dico, in saying into the port, I virtually say into the city). My object in doing anything was, etc., quod aliquid feci, eo pertinuit ut, etc. (e.g., quod autem plures a nobis nominati sunt, eo pertinuit, quod etc., Cic.) (7) MISCELLANEOUS: Hand in hand; to take in hand, have in hand, come or fall in anybody’s hands, etc. [Vid: HAND]. To die in anybody’s arms, inter manus alicujus exspirare (general term); inter manus sublevantis exstingui (of one who is raising the dying person’s head); in alicujus amplexu emori (in anybody’s embrace). To buy anything in, licitatorem apponere (to place a bidder; e.g., I will rather have it bought in than let it go for less, licitatorem potius apponam, quam id minoris veneat, Cic.): it lies in the nature of the thing, ea est natura rei (Cic.): to carry anybody away in one’s arms, aliquem inter manus auferre: to march in square, ire quadrato agmine: to treat a subject in verse, de aliqua re versibus scribere: in the Greek language, aliquid Graeco sermone or Graecis litteris tractare: to do anything in the hope of anything, aliquid facere ad spem alicujus rei (e.g., urbem ad spem diuturnitatis condere). I am in hopes that, etc., in spem venio, or magna me spes tenet, etc., with infinitive, or accusative and infinitive: to wound anybody in the forehead, face, etc., vulnerare aliquem in frontem, in os (☞ not in fronte; ☞ Caes., B.G., 5, 35).