etsi (=“even if,” the concession made is here simply a supposition: if considered as really existing, the indicative is used; if merely as possible, the subjunctive): etiamsi (a fuller and stronger etsi = “yea, even if,” “even if.” Etiamsi and etsi differ nearly as “though” and “although”): tamen etsi or tametsi (gives prominence to the improbability of the coexistence of the supposition and the asserted consequence: it is often followed by tamen, which has then the force of “yet nevertheless quamquam (= “however much” the supposition really exists: the real existence of the supposition being granted, it takes the indicative in the best writers): quamvis (“however much” you, the person addressed, may possibly imagine the concession, to exist really: hence in Cic. only with the subjunctive): ☞ quamquam and quamvis can only be used with adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, whose notion can be supposed to exist in a heightened degree of intensity: licet (= “granted the thing be so :” “let it be so, if you like :” allowing a supposition, the correctness of which the speaker does not in any degree maintain himself, but allows the person addressed to maintain if he pleases: it is an impersonal verb, and takes the subjunctive governed by ut omitted. It may occur in other tenses; thus, detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit: and Cic. has quamvis licet, N.D., 3, 36; Tusc, 4, 24). Observe, “Though” correcting or limiting a previous statement, or adding to it some circumstance to be kept in view in the application of it, is quamquam, less frequently etsi; the conjunction standing at the head of a sentence, which is then more than a mere subordinate clause. Thus, confer te ad Manlium: infer patriae bellum. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, etc.? (Cic.). Do, do, poenas temeritatis meae: etsi quae fuit illa temeritas? (Cic.). cum (with subjunctive, PROP. denotes the coexistence of two apparently inconsistent states, etc.) Ut has also the meaning of although (ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas, Ov.), and ne of “although - not” (e.g., ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe est, Cic.).