through (prep.) Copy link Outline I. Motion, extension t.1. per (with acc.)2. expr. by compd. verbsII. During, throughout, (of time)III. By means of1. usu. expr. by abl. of cause, manner, or instrument2. per (mostly with acc. of person)3. propter (with acc.4. abIV. On account of1. ob, propter2. per (rare3. ex • through (prep.): I. Motion, extension t.: 1. per (with acc.): to see t. the membranes of the eyes, p. membranos oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: t. the forum, p. forum, id. Att. 14, 16: a hundred affairs flash t. my brain and start up at my side, negotia centum p. caput et circa saliunt latus, Hor. S. 2, 6, 33. 2. expr. by compd. verbs: the moon shining t. the windows, percurrens luna fenestras, Prop. 1, 3, 31: the prep. may be elegantly repeated: to break t. the midst of the foe, perrumpere per medios hostes, Caes. B. G. 6, 40. II. During, throughout, (of time): v. throughout. III. By means of: 1. usu. expr. by abl. of cause, manner, or instrument: v. Lat. Gr. §§ 311-313. 2. per (mostly with acc. of person): to learn t. scouts, p. exploratores cognoscere, Caes. B. G. 1, 22: to learn warfare by toil and experience, militiam discere p. laborem usu, Sall. C. 7 (al. laboris usu). 3. propter (with acc.: rare): those t. whom he lives, ii p. quos vivit, Cic. Mil. 22, 58 (i. e. those whom he has to thank for his life). 4. ab: v. from, by. Phr.: t. me thou hast recovered Tarentum, mea opera Tarentum recepisti, Cic. Sen. 4, 11: t. the ring he rose to be king, annuli beneficio rex exortus est, id. Off. 3, 9, 38. [N.B.--The gerund is never used in the abl. with a prep.] IV. On account of: 1. ob, propter: v. account (III. on account of). 2. per (rare: cf. Lat. Gr. § 556, 17, Obs. 1): t. age, p. aetatem, Cic. Manil. 1, 1: t. fear, p. metum, Pl. Aul. 2, 1, 12. 3. ex: v. from.
through (adv.) Copy link • through (adv.): usu. expr. by comp. verbs: I have read the third book t., tertium librum perlegi, Cic. Div. 1, 5, 8: to run any one t. and t. with a sword, transigere aliquem gladio, Tac. A. 2, 68.
THROUGH Copy link • THROUGH 1. adverb, Vid: THROUGHOUT. 2. preposition, Of space and time, per; but this is usually expressed by compound words. Denoting a means, per (especially if a living being be the means; rarely if it be a thing). The Latins usually express the means, if it be a thing, by a simple ablative; as, to gain the favor of others by flatteries, aliorum benevolentiam blanditiis colligere; Vid: Grotef., § 217 and 218, Obs., 2; Zumpt, § 455. Hence, also, with the gerund the preposition is always omitted; as, the human mind is nourished by learning and thinking, hominis mens discendo alitur et cogitando. Sometimes, also, the Latins employ the participles utens and usus (as the Greeks χρώμενος and χρησάμενος); e.g., proeliis secundis usus. Denoting cause and operation, per (by occasion of): a, ab (denoting immediate operation, especially after passive and intransitive verbs; as, interire ab aliquo): propter (denoting an efficient cause, after transitive or intransitive verbs; e.g., ii propter quos hanc suavissimam lucem aspeximus); or it may be expressed by ductus, adductus, motus, excitatus, etc.; e.g., pulchritudine ductus; or in this case we may use propter, ob, causa: if the notion of hindrance or impediment be included, we may use prohibitus or impeditus instead of ductus (e.g., negotiis impeditus): alicujus opera (by the efforts of anyone; as, eorum opera plebs concitata est): alicujus or alicujus rei beneficio (through the kindness of; e.g., sic Gyges repente annuli beneficio rex exortus est, through the ring). If things without life are specified as a cause, the relation is usually expressed by the ablative without a preposition; as, this has happened through your fault, vestra culpa hoc accidit (Vid: Grotef., § 218, Obs. 2, sqq.; Zumpt, §452). Denoting extension of space and time = throughout, per; e.g., through all the provinces of your empire, per imperii tui provincias: the report spreads through all Africa, fama per omnem Africam divulgatur. Here, also, the Latins form compounds with per; e.g., through and through, penitus (to the innermost part, entirely; e.g., perspicere, nosse): per omnes partes (through all parts, etc.) The Latins also express it by verbs compounded with per; as, percutere: also with trans; as, to pierce through and through with a sword, aliquem transigere gladio. To be carried through, valere (of a law, plan, etc.): perferri (of a proposed law).