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• stŭdĭum, ii, n. [studeo], a busying one's self about or application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study: stu dium est animi assidua et vehemens ad aliquam rem applicata magnā cum voluntate occupatio, ut philosophiae, poëticae, geometriae, litterarum, Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 36.—

I. In gen.

α. Absol., Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 900 P. (Praecepta, v. 4 Vahl.): tantum studium tamque multam operam in aliquā re ponere, Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 1: aliquid curare studio maximo, Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 45: aliquem retrahere ab studio, Ter. Phorm. prol. 2; cf. id. ib. 18: studium semper assit, cunctatio absit, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: aliquid summo studio curāque discere, id. Fam. 4, 3, 3; so (with cura, industria, labor, diligentia, etc.) id. ib. 2, 6, 3; 10, 1, 3: alacritate ac studio uti, Caes. B. G. 4, 24: studio incendi, Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1: suo quisque studio maxime ducitur, id. Fin. 5, 2, 5; cf.: quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia, Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; Sall. C. 3, 3: sunt pueritiae certa studia, sunt ineuntis adulescentiae ... sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis, Cic. Sen. 20, 76 et saep.: non studio accusare sed officio defendere, with zeal, from inclination, id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91; cf.: laedere gaudes, et hoc studio pravus facis, Hor. S. 1, 5, 79.—In late Lat. studio often means simply voluntarily, on purpose, intentionally: non studio sed fortuitu, Dig. 40, 5, 13.—
β. With gen.: studiumque iteris reprime, Att. ap. Non. 485, 8 (Trag. Rel. v. 627 Rib.): in pugnae studio quod dedita mens est, Lucr. 3, 647: Carthaginienses ad studium fallendi studio quaestus vocabantur, Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95: efferor studio patres vestros videndi, id. Sen. 23, 83: quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid atque discendi? id. Lael. 27, 104; so, discendi, id. Rep. 1, 8, 13; 1, 22, 36 al.: doctrinae, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46; id. Balb. 1, 3: dicendi, id. de Or. 2, 1, 1: scribendi, id. Arch. 3, 4: nandi, Tac. H. 4, 12: scribendi, Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 5: vitae studium, way of life, Afran. ap. Non. 498, 15: studium armorum a manibus ad oculos translatum, Plin. Pan. 13, 5.—
γ. With ad (usu. to avoid multiplying genitives): ea res studia hominum adcendit ad consulatum mandandum Ciceroni, Sall. C. 23, 5: studium ad frugalitatem multitudines provocavit, Just. 20, 4, 7.—

II. In partic.

A. Zeal for any one; good-will, affection, attachment, devotion, favor, kindness, etc. (cf.: officium, favor): tibi profiteor atque polliceor eximium et singulare meum studium in omni genere officii, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 4: studium et favor, id. Rosc. Com. 10, 29; Suet. Vit. 15: studio ac suffragio suo viam sibi ad beneficium impetrandum munire, Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 17: Pompeius significat studium erga me non mediocre, id. Att. 2, 19, 4: suum infelix erga populum Romanum studium, Liv. 3, 56, 9; cf.: omne suum erga meam dignitatem studium, Cic. Dom. 56, 142: studium in aliquem habere, id. Inv. 2, 34, 104: Gaditani ab omni studio sensuque Poenorum mentes suas ad nostrum imperium nomenque flexerunt, id. Balb. 17, 39: studium suum in rempublicam, Sall. C. 49, 5: studium in populum Romanum, Tac. A. 4, 55: studiis odiisque carens, Luc. 2, 377: putabatur et Marius studia volgi amissurus, Sall. J. 84, 3: aliquid studio partium facere, party spirit, partisanship, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 35: for which simply studium: quo minus cupiditatis ac studii visa est oratio habere, eo plus auctoritatis habuit, Liv. 24, 28: senatus, in quo ipso erant studia, party efforts, Tac. A. 14, 42: ultio senatum in studia diduxerat, id. H. 4, 6.—
B. Application to learning or studying, study; in the plur., studies (very freq.; also in Cic.; cf.: studeo and studiosus): pabulum studii atque doctrinae, Cic. Sen. 14, 49: (eum) non solum naturā et moribus, verum etiam studio et doctrinā esse sapientem, id. Lael. 2, 6: semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines et tua ista studia placuerunt, id. Rep. 1, 17, 29: studia exercere, id. Fam. 9, 8, 2: studia Graecorum, id. Rep. 1, 18, 30: illum se et hominibus Pythagoreis et studiis illis dedisse, id. ib. 1, 10, 16: relinque te studiis, Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 7: studia ad voluptatem exercere, id. ib. 6, 8, 6: famam ex studiis petere, id. ib. 6, 11, 3; Tac. A. 16, 4; Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 18 (36), 1: studia graviora iracundis omittenda sunt, id. Ira, 3, 9, 1; cf.: studiis annos septem dedit, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 82: si non Intendes animum studiis, id. ib. 1, 2, 36: o seri studiorum! i. e. ὀψιμαθεῖς, id. S. 1, 10, 21.—Hence,

2. Transf.

α. The fruits of study, works (post-class.): flagitante vulgo ut omnia sua studia publicaret, Tac. A. 16, 4.—
β. A place for study, a study, school (late Lat.): philosophum (se egit) in omnibus studiis, templis, locis, Capitol. M. Aurel. 26; Cod. Th. 14, 9, 3.

• stŭdĭum, ĭī, n. (studeo),

1. application zélée, empressée à une chose, zèle, ardeur [v. définition : Cic. Inv. 1, 36] ; goût, passion, etc. :

a) [abst] studium, operam ponere in aliqua re Cic. Fin. 1, 1, mettre son application, son activité dans une chose ; suo quisque studio maxime ducitur Cic. Fin. 5, 5, chacun se règle surtout sur son goût personnel ; sunt pueritiæ certa studia Cic. CM 76, l'enfance a des goûts déterminés ;
b) [avec le gén.] : ad studium fallendi studio quæstus vocari Cic. Agr. 2, 95, être entraîné par l'amour du gain à l'amour du mensonge ; efferor studio patres vestros videndi Cic. CM 83, je suis transporté du désir de voir vos pères ; discendi Cic. de Or. 2, 1, passion d'apprendre ; ad studium laudis aliquem cohortari Cic. Fam. 2, 4, 2, exhorter qqn à rechercher l'estime du monde

2. zèle pour qqn, dévouement, affection, attachement ; præmium judicio studioque civium delatum Cic. Br. 281, récompense décernée par le choix et l'attachement des citoyens ; habuit studia suorum ardentia Cic. Planc. 20, il eut pour lui le zèle empressé de ses concitoyens ; grata fore vobis sua studia arbitrabuntur Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 68, ils penseront que les témoignages de leur dévouement vous seront agréables || alicujus studio incensus Cic. de Or. 1, 97, enflammé de sympathie pour qqn, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 35 ; studium erga aliquem Cic. Att. 2, 19, 4 ; in aliquem Cic. Inv. 2, 104, dévouement à l'égard de qqn ; tua pristina erga me studia Cic. Fam. 15, 12, 2, les marques que tu m'as données antérieurement de ton dévouement || esprit de parti, partialité : Liv. 24, 28, 8 || studia Cic. Mil. 12, sentiments manifestés, cf. Cic. Mil. 94 ; accensis studiis pro Scipione et adversus Scipionem Liv. 29, 19, 10, les passions étant allumées pour et contre Scipion

3. application à l'étude, étude : natura, studium, exercitatio Cic. de Or. 2, 232, les dons naturels, l'étude, l'exercice, cf. Cic. Læl. 6 || bonarum artium studia Cic. Vat. 8, l'étude, la pratique des belles-lettres, cf. Cic. Br. 3 || étude, branche de connaissances : studia exercere Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 2, se livrer aux études, ou se dare studiis Cic. Rep. 1, 16 ; cf. 1, 30 ; sint eæ res de quibus disputant in aliis quibusdam studiis Cic. de Or. 1, 49, que les sujets qu'ils traitent relèvent, je le concède, d'études spéciales différentes, cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 65 ; Arch. 4 ; 16, etc.

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