2. v. is variously expressed: (1) by the participle future passive, to denote obvious necessity; e.g., we must die, moriendum est: we must confess that every animal is mortal, omne animal confitendum est esse mortale the person by whom anything must happen is expressed by the dative; rarely by a or ab, and that only when a second dative would occasion obscurity; e.g., every one must use his own judgement, suo cuique judicio utendum est: you must consult respecting the property of many citizens, aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus a vobis consulendum est (here a vobis, on account of quibus, in Cic., Manil., 2, 6; on the contrary, ib., 22, 64, two datives): If the verb be transitive, the object is added in the accusative, chiefly by unclassical authors, especially by Varr.; but by classical writers it is changed into the nominative, theparticiple being in the same gender; e.g., we must strike into this path, haec via (nobis) ingredienda est (not hanc viam ingrediendum est): the orator must regard three points, tria videnda sunt oratori. (2) By oportet (impersonal, δεῖ), to denote necessity which proceeds from grounds of reason, or from the laws of justice, equity, or prudence. Sometimes an accusative with an infinitive fallows; sometimes a simple subjunctive (especially if ambiguity is to be avoided); Vid: Zumpt, § 625; Grotef., § 151, obs. 2; e.g., this man must be bad, hunc hominem oportet esse improbum (I have my reason for believing it to be so): this must (from internal reasons) and ought (on account of external advantage, etc.) to take place, hoc fieri et oportet et opus est: we must despise nothing in war, nihil in bello oportet contemni: there are things which one must not do (ought not to do), even if they are permitted, est aliquid quod non oporteat, etiamsi licet: he who does not know the way to the sea must take a river as his guide, viam qui nescit, qua, deveniat ad mare, eum oportet amnem sibi quaerere: you must love myself, not my property, if we are to be good friends, me ipsum ames oportet, non mea, si veri amici futuri simus. (3) By debere (ὀφείλειν), to specify the necessity which marks a moral obligation,” ought,” in a subjective sense; e.g., you must honor him as your own father, eum patris loco colere debes: we were moved by the misery of our allies; what must we do now under our own sufferings? sociorum miseria, commovebamur quid nunc in nostro sanguine facere debemus? Since debere does not differ much from officium, the Latins frequently say for “a person must,” officium est, and without officium, simply est alicujus (but with this difference, that alicujus officium est is = it belongs to a person’s obligations; whereas est alicujus is = it is suitable to anyone); e.g., a foreigner must mind only his own business, peregrini officium est (i. e., peregrinus debet) nihil praeter suum negotium agere: a good orator must have heard and seen much, est boni oratoris (i. e., bonus orator debet) multa auribus accepisse, multa vidisse. This omission of officium is quite common in the expressions, I, thou, you must, meum, tuum, vestrum est. (4) By putare and existimare in rhetorical style, when the speaker courteously declines to anticipate the judgement of the hearers, but leaves it to them to draw their own conclusions; e.g., see to what a pass it must come with the state, videte quem in locum rempublicam perventuram putetis (Cic., Rosc., Am., 53, 153; ☞ Manil., 9, 26): how many islands must be abandoned? quam multas existimatis insulas esse desertas? (Cic., Manil., 11, 32). (5) By opus est (impersonal, χρῆ), to denote subjective need, or that from the doing of which one expects advantage. It is followed either by the accusative and infinitive, or, if the person who must do anything be named, by ut with a subjunctive, or by the ablative of the perfect participle passive; e.g., if anything take place which you must know (i. e., which it is your advantage to know), I will write, si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam: I must wash myself, mihi opus est, ut lavem: I found that I must look after Hirt., opus fuit Hirtio convento (☞ Grotef., § 175, b; Zumpt, § 464, Obs. 1). Also, “must have or use anything” may be translated by mihi opus est, either impersonally with the ablative, or personally with the nominative of that which one must have; e.g., we must have a leader and guide, dux et auctor nobis opus est: we must use your influence, auctoritate tua nobis opus est (☞ Grotef., § 175, a; Zumpt, § 464. (6) By necesse est (impersonal, ἀνάγκη ἐστί), to denote strict or extreme necessity. It is followed either by an accusative and infinitive, or by a simple subjunctive; e.g., the mortal body must perish some time or other, corpus mortale aliquo tempore perire necesse est: virtue must abominate and hate vice, virtus necesse est vitium asperneturet oderit: man must die, homini necesse est mori. Also by necesse est we can express our “must necessarily have;” e.g., buy not what you want, but what you must necessarily have, emas non quod opus est, sed quod necesse est. (7) By cogi, to denote necessity arising from the will of voluntary agents; e.g., he found that he must take away his own life (they forced him to do it), coactus est ut vita ipse se privaret: the Campanians found that they must rush out at the gates, coacti sunt Campani portis egredi. Also, the active cogere may be used in expressions such as “not as he would, but as he found that he must, by the will of the soldiers,” non ut voluit, sed ut militum cogebat voluntas. (☞ Avoid the use of cogi, with reference to necessity arising from circumstances.) (8) By facere non possum, or simply non possum followed by quin, etc.; or by fieri non potest, followed by ut non, etc.; or by non possum non, followed by an infinitive, in the sense of “not to forbear or abstain from,” of internal necessity; e.g., I must cry out, non possum, quin exclamem: I must thank you, non possum, quin tibi gratias agam: you must have known him, fieri non potest, ut eum non cognoris: I must confess that my joy is crowned, etc., non possum non confiteri, cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod, etc. (9) Sometimes there is no occasion for the adoption of any word or phrase distinctly corresponding to our “must;” e.g., Catulus found that he must yield to his obstinacy, ejus pertinaciae cessit Catulus (Nep., Han., I, extr.). ☞ Observe, moreover, the following forms of expression in which the Latin idiom differs from the English: (a) You must (as an emphatic demand), either by the simple imperative or by fac ut, etc.; e.g., if you are not satisfied with this, you must accuse your own injustice, haec si vobis non probabuntur, vestram iniquitatem accusatote: you must keep up good spirits and good hope, magnum fac animum habeas et bonam spem: you must not (as an emphatic warning), fac ne, etc. (cause that not, etc.): cave ne, etc. (take care that not, beware of, etc.): noli, with an infinitive (be unwilling); e.g., you must not wish, cave ne cupias: you must not forget that you are Cic., noli te oblivisci Ciceronem esse: you must not wish for an impossibility, nolite id velle, quod fieri non potest. (b) If it must be so (in the future), si res ita feret.