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• by: Prep.:

I. Of place (i.): Near:

1. ăd (with acc.): the dun is standing by the door, flagitator astat ad ostium, Pl.: you have gardens by the Tiber, habes hortos ad Tiberim, Cic.
2. ăpŭd (with acc.): to stay by a town, apud oppidum morari, Caes.: to pass a night by the water, apud aquam noctem agitare, Sall.: Sulpicius was sitting by Crassus, Sulpicius apud Crassum sedebat, Cic.
3. sĕcundum (along: with acc.): he had his camp by the sea, castra s. mare habebat, Caes.: centaurion grows by springs, centaurion s. fontes nascitur, Plin.: v. near, at. (ii.) past, along: q. v. (chiefly in combination with verbs; as, to sail or ride by, flow by, etc.: usu. expr. by means of a prep. in composition; as, praetervehor, praeterfluo, etc.). (iii.) on: usu. expr. by the abl.: he prepares for war by land and sea, bellum terra et mari (terra marique) comparat, Cic.: that journey is usually performed by land, illud iter pedibus fere confici solet, Cic.: whether we pursue the Parthians by land or the Britons by sea, seu pedibus Parthos sequimur seu classe Britannos, Prop. Phr.: to travel by sea, in navi vehi, Cic.: he attacked the town by the way, oppidum ex itinere oppugnavit, Caes.: Africanus used to say that he was never less alone than when he was by himself, Africanus solitus est dicere se nunquam minus solum esse quam cum solus esset, Cic.: journeys by land, pedestria itinera, Cic.. v. on foot.

II. Of time: at, within, not later than.

1. ăd (with acc.): I will write by what days I shall return, ad quos dies rediturus sim scribam, Cic.: all things were done by the (appointed) day, omnia ad diem facta sunt., Caes.: to return by the Ides of April, ad Idus Aprilis reverti, Caes.
2. sŭb (i. e. just upon: with acc.): the client knocks at (the lawyer's) door by cock-crow, sub galli cantum consultor ostia pulsat, Hor.
3. intrā (strictly within: with acc.): the judge will deliver judgment by the Calends, judex intra Calendas pronuntiat, Gell.
4. the abl. is often used to express this sense, and also when "by" is equivalent, or nearly so, to "during:" by early dawn the messenger came to Ameria, primo diluculo nuntius Ameriam venit, Cic.: Themistocles used to walk about by night, noctu ambulabat Themistocles, Cic.: sometimes by day, oftener by night, nonnunquam interdiu, saepius noctu, Caes. Phr.: by and by, jam, mox, brevi tempore: v. soon, presently.

III. Of other relations: as to denote the agent, instrument, or cause; measure of excess or defect; distribution, etc.: (i.) of the agent, after a passive verb. ā or ăb (with abl.): Caes.: Cic. (passim). Note.--This construction is confined to the case of a personal agent. We also find, instead of the prep. and abl., the dative, esp. after the gerundive participle; as, wisdom should be enjoyed by us, sapientia nobis (not a nobis) fruenda est, Cic. After the gerund, indeed, the prep. is only used to avoid occasional ambiguity: thus, we should say for these men must be resisted by you, a te (not tibi) his hominibus resistendum est. The dative after other forms of the passive, and the ablative without a preposition, belong to the poets: as, nor is she seen by any, neque cernitur ulli, Virg.: thou shalt be celebrated by Varius, a swan of Homeric tune, scriberis Vario, Maeonii carminis alite, Hor. (ii.) of the means or instrument, after active and passive verbs:

1. pĕr (with acc.): I did not hesitate to ask you for that by letter, non dubitavi id a te per literas petere, Cic.: to march through a province by force, iter per provinciam per vim facere, Caes.: Caesar ascertained this by the scouts, id per exploratores Caesar cognovit, Caes.: he has by himself, without any helper, mustered the forces, per se, nullo adjuvante, copias confecit, Cic.
2. Usu. expr. by the simple abl.: to excite the feelings of the mob by the mere name and recollection of his father, nomine ipso et memoria patris animos multitudinis concitare, Cic.: by a law they fix the departure for the third year, in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant, Caes. Phr.: by your leave, bona tua venia dixerim, Cic.: v. leave: by themselves they were unable to prevail upon the Sequani, Sequanis sua sponte persuadere non poterant, Caes. (iii.) of the cause, means, or mode:
1. ē or ex (with abl.: rare, and only of that out of which something arises): she is pregnant by Pamphilus, gravida e Pamphilo est, Ter.: led into hope of victory by the advantage of the position, in spem victoriae adductus ex opportunitate loci, Sall.
2. expr. by the abl. alone: a place suitable by nature, locus natura idoneus, Caes.: this has been occasioned more by easiness than by any other fault of mine, magis id facilitate quam ulla alia culpa mea contigit, Cic.: the consul himself, holding Lentulus by the hand, leads him into the senate, consul Lentulum, ipse manu tenens, in senatum perducit, Sall.: pepper is bought by weight, piper pondere emitur, Plin. Phr.. he ran by stealth into the plain, furtim in campum currebat, Cic.: Thisbe saw the lioness by the rays of the moon, leaenam ad lunae radios Thisbe vidit, Ov.: by fair means, recte, Hor.: "by hook or by crook," quocunque modo, Hor. (iv.) with words of measurement, to denote excess or defect: this is gen. expr. by the abl. of the words denoting the excess or defect: he is taller than you by a foot and a half, sesquipede est quam te longior, Pl.: Ireland is less by a half than Britain, Hibernia dimidio minor est quam Britannia, Caes. (v.) to denote the separate succession of a number of items: this sense is usu. expr. by adverbs or distributive numerals: sometimes also by in and acc.: the number of the enemy is increasing day by day, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, Cic.: the siege was more severe day by day, erat in dies gravior oppugnatio, Caes.: to buy pepper by the pound, piper in libras emere, Plin.: they began by degrees to leave the camp, paulatim ex castris discedere coeperunt, Caes, the waggons were drawn one by one, singuli carri ducebantur, Caes.: to engage a servant by the year, *annua mercede famulum conducere: v. the respective substantives. (vi.) in adjurations:
1. per (with acc.): by gods and men, per deos atque homines, Cic.: I beseech you by your friendship and love, te per amicitiam et per amorem obsecro, Ter. sometimes per stands at the beginning of the adjuration without an acc., the object appealed to being defined by the clause following cf. Virg. A. 2, 142: Ov.
2. prō or proh (prop. an interj.: v. AH! also sometimes followed by the acc.): by the faith of gods and men! p. deum atque hominum fidem! Cic.: by Jupiter! pro Jupiter! Ter. (but in a formal oath it would be per). Phr.. by Hercules! mehercŭles! mehercŭle! mehercle! hercules! hercule! hercle! Cic.: Ter.: of the same import is medius fidius, i. e. me dius s. deus fidius (juvet), by the god of faith! (Hercules)! by Castor! mēcastor, ēcastor! Pl.: Ter. (rarely used except by women): by Pollux! ĕdĕpol! Pl.: by Ceres! eccĕrĕ or ĕcĕrĕ: Pl.: Ter.

• BY

of place (near, hard by), ad, apud, juxta, prope, propter, sub; sub manum, ad manum, prae manibus. The islands which are near by Sicily, insulae quae sunt propter Siciliam. To seat one’s self by a person or thing, propter aliquem or aliquid considere. To have gardens by the Tiber, ad Tiberim habere hortos. A cave is by, propter est spelunca quaedam. Also by verbs; e.g., to stand, sit by one, alicui astare, assidere: to go by one’s side, lateri alicujus adhaerere; latus alicujus tegere.
Present. To be by, adesse, coram adesse. When I am by, not by, me praesente, coram me; me absente.
Along, secundum; praeter. To keep by the land (in sailing), oram, terram legere.
Past, praeter. To go by, praeterire (a place, locum).
By sea and land, terra marique. They came by sea, navibus advecti sunt: by land, pedibus huc iter fecerunt.
By the way, in via, in itinere; per viam; in transitu, transiens, praeteriens (also figurativeiy): quasi praeteriens (figuratively): obiter (figuratively). To touch by the way, in transitu or leviter aliqnid attingere.
By the way of, per (through), or with the ablative of the name of a town; e.g., he went by Laodicea, Laodicea iter fecit.

of time, in the sense of at. By night, noctu, nocte. By day, die, interdiu. So, by moonlight, lucente luna. ad lunam.
As soon as, not later than; intra; ante. By the year’s end, intra annum. By this time, jam. By the time Rome had been built three hundred years, trecentis annis post urbem conditam exactis. By that time I shall have arrived, jam adero. He was there by daybreak, cum diluculo advenit. By the time he ended his speech, oratione vixdum finita.

3. implying succession, is often made by an adverb in -tim; also by quot. Year by year, month by month, day by day, quot annis, quot mensibus, quot diebus; or omnibus annis, etc. Man by man, viritim. Town by town, village by village, oppidatim, vicatim. Step by step, gradatim. By little and little, paullatim. To fall at their feet one by one, ad omnium pedes sigillatim accidere. By the pound, ad libram. To pay one by the hour, certam mercedem in singulas horas dare alicui. By ones, twos, etc., singuli, bini, etc.

one’s self (i. e., unassisted), per se; per se ipse; per se solus.
Alone, solus.
Apart, seorsum, separatim. By itself (in and for itself), per se: viewing the thing by itself, si rem ipsam spectas.

(denoting a means), by means of, per (especially of persons): also by the ablative of the thing or of the gerund: sometimes the participle utens or usus with the ablative; also e, ex. To ask a thing of some one by letter, aliquid ab aliquo per litteras petere. To avenge one’s wrongs by means of another, injurias suas per alterum ulcisci. To nourish virtue by action, virtutem agendo alere. To know a man by his voice, aliquem ex voce agnoscere.
Denoting a cause or its effect, per; a, ab (especially with passive and neuter verbs): propter; (alicujus) opera; (alicujus or alicujus rei) beneficio. To be killed by anybody, ab aliquo occidi. To perish by disease, perire a morbo. The world was created by God, mundus a Deo creatus est. The slaves, by whom you live, servi propter quos vivis. The common people were stirred yp by them, eorum opera plebs concitata est.
By reason of, per, propter, ob. By reason that, propterea quod, propterea quia: also by the ablative of the thing; e.g., this happened by your fault, vestra culpa hoc accidit.
To this may be referred BY, denoting the thing or part taken hold of, which is expressed by the ablative. To drag by the feet, pedibus trahere.

6. i. e., according to, secundum; e, ex, de; ad. By the course of the moon, ad cursum lunae. By a model, pattern, ad effigiem, ad exemplum. To judge a thing by the truth, ex veritate aliquid aestimare. It is built by the authority of the senate, aedificatur ex auctoritate senatus.

7. in adjuration or in supplication, per.

8. denoting excess or defect, is expressed by the ablative. Shorter by one syllable, una syllaba brevior. Higher by ten feet, decem pedibus altior. By much, multo. By far, longe.

9. in some phrases. By stealth, furtim. By turns, in vicem, per vices, alternis. By chance, forte, casu. By heart, memoriter. By-and-by, jam, mox, brevi. By-the-by, sed quod mihi in mentem venit: audi! dic, quaeso.

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