and Copy link Outline 1. ĕt2. atquĕ or āc (the latter in classical prose gen. only before consonants)3. quĕ, an enclitic which connects words rather than sentences, and words usually standing in the same relation to the rest of the sentence, and representing things very closely connected, either naturally and generally, or at least under the circumstances spoken of; hence such words often denote a single complex idea. Que must be affixed to the second of the two words; and it is to be specially observed that it is rarely added to words ending in a short vowel, especially ĕ • Respecting the Latin conjunctions above spoken of, see Allen's Doctrina Cop. Ling. Latinae. • and: 1. ĕt: et properly joins words or sentences which have, or are represented as having, only a fortuitous or temporary connection: (i) the simple conjunction: cold and hunger and thirst, frigus et fames et sitis, Cic.: Caesar orders Divitiacus to be summoned to him and converses with him, Caesar Divitiacum ad se vocari jubet et cum eo colloquitur, Caes.--Obs. When several substantives are connected in English by and, as in the first of the above examples, the et must either be repeated with each additional member, as there (πολυσύνδετον), or else omitted altogether (ἀσύνδετον): as, honour, faith, intellect, concord, honos, fides, mens, concordia, Cic. When a number of words are connected, the latter mode is usually preferred unless special emphasis is needed. (Cic. has in one place, composite, ornate, copiose loqui; and in another, prudenter et composite et ornate et memoriter dicere (Or. 1, 15, 64): the several words being in the latter case brought out with more distinctness and emphasis.) Que (v. inf. 3) is however frequently used with the last member of a series, when that member gathers up a number of particulars: as, in astronomy, the rising, setting, and movements of the stars, in astrologia, ortus, obitus, motusque siderum, Cic. (ii) the conj. emphasized = and indeed: you were wrong and indeed exceedingly wrong, errabas, et vehementer errabas, Cic. (iii) = and then (indicating an immediate result): he said, and then instantly perceived that he had fallen into the midst of the enemy, dixit, et extemplo sensit medios delapsus in hostes, Virg.: (iv) = and yet (subjoining an emphatic question or exclamation): and yet are there people who complain about the Appian way? et sunt qui de via Appia querantur? Cic. (v) = and so too, and also: these things themselves are a source of pleasure to me, and so too were those to the Torquati, haec ipsa mihi sunt voluptati, et erant illa Torquatis, Cic. 2. atquĕ or āc (the latter in classical prose gen. only before consonants): this conj. differs from et in denoting a closer connection between the ideas represented by the connected words or clauses: hence it is often employed to join two substantives which together represent a single complex idea. (i) the simple conj.: to speak from the heart and truly, ex animo ac vere dicere, Ter.: the dangers of this city and empire, pericula hujus urbis atque imperii, Cic.: with your virtuous feeling, isto animo atque virtute, Cic.: Caesar gave the signal for joining battle, and having set out for the other wing, he fell in with those actually engaged, Caesar proelii committendi signum dedit, atque in alteram partem profectus, pugnantibus occurrit, Caes. (ii) the conj. emphasized = and indeed, and even, and especially: a difficult affair, and indeed the most difficult of all, res difficilis atque omnium difficillima, Cic.: great thanks are due to the immortal gods, and especially to this very Jupiter Stator, magna diis immortalibus habenda est gratia atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, Cic.: the river can be crossed on foot in one place only, and even in this with difficulty, flumen uno omnino loco pedibus atque hoc aegre transiri potest, Caes. 3. quĕ, an enclitic which connects words rather than sentences, and words usually standing in the same relation to the rest of the sentence, and representing things very closely connected, either naturally and generally, or at least under the circumstances spoken of; hence such words often denote a single complex idea. Que must be affixed to the second of the two words; and it is to be specially observed that it is rarely added to words ending in a short vowel, especially ĕ: that force overcame all the allurements of pleasure and ease, ea vis omnia blandimenta voluptatis otiique vicit, Cic.: the Aulerci and Lexovii shut their gates, Aulerci Lexoviique portas clauserunt, Caes.: having collected twigs and underwood they go straight to the camp, sarmentis virgultisque collectis ad castra pergunt, Caes.: the arrangement and order of the line of march, ratio ordoque agminis, Caes.: a shout and din arose, and some rushed one way, some another, panic-stricken, clamor fremitusque oriebatur aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur, Caes. Que may be used after a substantive preceded by a preposition: as, he went to Rome and began to appear in the forum, Romam demigravit, in foroque esse coepit, Nep.: Cic.--N.B. (i) When a connected clause contains a negative, the conjunction "and" and the negative are often expressed by neque or nec, especially where the former clause contains a correlative conjunction: you perceive that he both had presence of mind and was not wanting in prudence, intelligitis et animum ei praesto fuisse, nec consilium defuisse, Cic.: at that time games were celebrated during ten days, and nothing was omitted with a view to appeasing the gods, tunc et ludi decem per dies facti sunt, neque res ulla quae ad placandum deos pertineret praetermissa est, Cic.: he saw that affairs were in a critical state and that there was no reserve that could be sent up, rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset, Caes. (ii) "And" connected with a demonstrative or personal pronoun may often be expressed in Latin by the relative pronoun alone: and Caesar having been informed of these things orders ships of war to be built, quibus de rebus Caesar certior factus naves longas aedificari jubet, Caes.: the soldiers were endeavouring to board the enemies' ships, and when the barbarians observed this, they strove to save themselves by flight, milites transcendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt fuga salutem petere contenderunt, Caes. (iii) In many cases where "and" is employed to connect single words, it must or may be omitted in Latin, especially in enumerations; but as it is impossible to reduce such cases to rule, they must be left to observation. It frequently happens also that where we employ two or more co-ordinate sentences or clauses, connected by "and," the Latin language expresses the sense of one or more of the clauses by a participial or relative clause, attached to one of the terms of the principal sentence, and therefore forming part of the latter, so that a conjunction is not required. But the grammar rather than the dictionary must be consulted on such points: v. also both (conj.). • Respecting the Latin conjunctions above spoken of, see Allen's Doctrina Cop. Ling. Latinae.
AND Copy link • ANDet (= καί: joins words and notions, each of which is considered independently, and as of equal importance): atque, ac (add what is of somewhat more importance: ac not before vowels or h: very seldom before g, Cic., Fam., 12, 7): que (= τέ: joins a word closely to another as an appendage to it).”And” at the beginning of indignant questions is et (et quisquam dubitabit, etc.?). AND is often untranslated: (1) when it unites single notions of the following kind: (a) in certain combinations of frequent occurrence; e.g., “horse and man,” equi viri: “men and women,” viri mulieres. So ventis remis, etc. (b) Before the last term of an enumeration, when the preceding terms are not connected by “and.” “Our country was preserved by my labors, counsels, and dangers,” patria laboribus, consiliis, pericolis meis servata est “There were present Greeks, Romans, and others,” aderant Graeci, Romani, alii. Vid: The particle “and” is, however, inserted before the last term of an enumeration, it being omitted before the others, when that expresses the whole class, to which the preceding terms belong, (c) Between the names of consuls it is sometimes omitted. (2) When “and” connects whole sentences. In English we often connect by “and” sentences that relate to different times, or the latter of which is a consequence of the former, or describes a subsequent action of a person mentioned in the former. Such sentences are in Latin either (a) connected by the relative qui; e.g., “a messenger came and announced,” venit nuntius, qui nuntiabat: or (b) the subordinate sentence is turned into a participial clause: “he came forward and spoke thus,” in medium prodiens haec locutus est: “he left the city and retired to his country-house,” urbe relicta in villam se recepit: or (c) causal particles are used, when statements stand to each other in the relation of cause and effect, occasion and consequent action, etc.; e.g., “Xanthippus was sent to aid the Carthaginians, and defended himself bravely”, Xanthippus, cum Cartbaginiensibusauxilio missus esset, fortiter se defendit “I saw him, and immediately recognized him,” postquam eum aspexi, illico cognovi. AND SO; and ACCORDINGLY: itaque, sometimes que only (to intimate the rapid succession of the second event). AND ALSO, et - quoque (e.g., et sarmenta quoque in merce sunt): nec non (to connect sentences; they should stand separately. They are not used in the best prose to connect two nouns like a simple et). If two adjectives or other attributives are spoken of one noun, “and also” is translated by idemque, et idem (e.g., musicus idemque philosophus). AND YET, et tamen; atqui (at the beginning of a sentence). AND THAT, et is, isque: if “and that” relates to a verb or to a whole sentence, idque should be used (negotium magnum est navigare, idque mense Quintili). AND NOT, nec or neque; et non; ac non (nec or neque when the negative refers to the whole of the second sentence: et non or ac non, when it belongs more particularly to a single word or notion in it, or when the “and’ is very emphatic: ac non, especially when the notion in the second clause corrects, or is opposed to, anotion in the first; e.g., “we must use reason, and not follow the distorted rule of custom,” adhibenda est ratio, nec utendum pravissima consuetudinis regula :”it would be tedious and is not necessary to relate,” longum est et non necessariumcommemorare. “I would write to you at greater length, if the thing needed words, and did not speak for itself,” pluribus verbis ad te scriberem, si res verba desideraret, ac non pro se ipsaloqueretur). Vid :, In such a sentence as, “it is A, and not B,” it would be quite wrong to express the “and” in Latin; e.g. tua culpa factum est, non mea (not tua culpa factum est, et non mea). AND NOT RATHER, ac non, or ac non potius. AND NOBADY; AND NOTHING; AND NEVER, etc., nec quisquam, nec quidquam, nec umquam, if the negative belongs to the whole sentence; et nemo, et nihil, et numquam, when the negative belongs to the single word. In sentences of parallel construction, e.g., “A does this, and B does that,” etc., the “and” should be translated by autem, which is a weak adversative particle; e.g., voluptates impellere, quo velit: unde autem velit, deducere: versutos eos appello, quorum mens celeriter versatur, callidos autem, quorum mens - usu concalluit.